{ "ok": true, "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "doi_display": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "state": "registered", "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1378", "title": "Methods for the Development of Cationic Nanocapsules for the Topical Administration of Tretinoin: A Box-Behnken Approach, In Vitro Assessment, and Ex Vivo Epidermal Deposition Research", "version": 2, "registered_via": "crossref", "prefix": { "prefix": "10.46243", "status": "live" }, "registrant": { "name": "Longman Publishers", "kind": "publisher", "country": "India" }, "reserved_at": null, "registered_at": "2026-09-29 22:00:32", "updated_at": "2026-09-29 23:59:51", "withdrawn_at": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "record": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "Methods for the Development of Cationic Nanocapsules for the Topical Administration of Tretinoin: A Box-Behnken Approach, In Vitro Assessment, and Ex Vivo Epidermal Deposition Research", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "DR RAVURI SRINATH" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "DR K CHANDRASEKHAR" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "DR N PADMAJA" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "Dr. J. GOPALA KRISHNA" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "PNAVYAKRISHNA" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2025-06-18", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2025-06-18" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "volume": "10", "issue": "06", "pages": { "first": "48", "last": "66" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1378", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1378/1023", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1378/1184", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" }, { "url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1378/1023", "purpose": "similarity-checking" } ], "abstract": { "value": "An exciting new direction in topical administration is the use of cationic nanocapsules. To improve the photostability, user compliance, and pharmacodynamic effectiveness of tretinoin (TTN), we built on a new formulation that relies on cationic nanocapsules. The nanoprecipitation process was used to create TTN nanocapsules in order to accomplish this. A Box-Behnken design was used with the help of Design-Expert software to statistically optimize the formulation variables. The cationic acrylic polymer weight (X1), oil volume (X2), and total transdermal N-terminal thickness (X3) were the three independent variables that were examined. As for the dependent variables, we chose particle size and encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%). With an ideal particle size of 116.3 nm and a high EE% of 83.2%, the ideal formulation displayed spherical shape under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When compared to its methanolic solution, photostability was enhanced by TTN-loaded nanocapsules. Results from the in vitro release investigation demonstrated that, in contrast to the free drug, tretinoin was released in a sustained way. The ex vivo skin penetration investigation showed that compared to drug solution, a gel containing TTN-loaded nanocapsules caused more drug to be deposited into the epidermal area rather than the deep skin. The skin irritation test revealed that the nanoencapsulation of the drug decreased its irritancy compared to the free drug. Based on these findings, cationic nanocapsules for tretinoin topical distribution seem to be a viable option", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2025-06-18", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.2165/00003088-198510010-00002", "unstructured": "In 1985, R. W. Lucek and W. A. Colburn published an article titled “Clinical pharmacokinetics of the retinoids” in the journal Clinical Pharmacokinetics. The article may be found on pages 38–62" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1016/0163-7258(89)90071-5", "unstructured": "The retinoids’ pharmacology and pharmacokinetics was published in 1989 in the journal Pharmacology & Therapeutics by authors J. G. Allen and D. P. Bloxham" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1159/000056361", "unstructured": "In 2001, C. C. Zouboulis wrote an article titled “Retinoids-which dermatological indications will benefit in the near future? “ in the journal Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology. The article spans from page 303 to 315" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00366-5", "unstructured": "In a 2000 article published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics, M. Brisaert and J. Plaizier-Vercammen examined the photostability of a tretinoin lotion and how it may be stabilized using additives. The study spanned pages 49 to" }, { "key": "ref5", "doi": "10.1016/0378-5173(94)90246-1", "unstructured": "In the International Journal of Pharmaceutics, M. J. Lucero, J. Vigo, and M. J. León published an article titled “Stability of hydrophilic gels of tretinoin” in 1994. The article may be found on pages 241-248" }, { "key": "ref6", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.061", "unstructured": "The 2007 paper “Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of tretinoin: potential in topical delivery” by K. A. Shah, A. A. Date, M. D. Joshi, and V. B. Patravale was published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics" }, { "key": "ref7", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.028", "unstructured": "In an article published in 2008 in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics, S. D. Mandawgade and V. B. Patravale discussed the creation of SLNs using natural lipids for the topical administration of tretinoin" }, { "key": "ref8", "doi": "10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00502-7", "unstructured": "In their 2001 article titled “Liposomes with tretinoin: a physical and chemical evaluation,” M. Brisaert, M. Gabriëls, V. Matthijs, and J. Plaizier-Vercammen discussed the topic in the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, volume 26, issue 5, pages 909-917" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.045", "unstructured": "Niosomes as carriers for tretinoin: III. A research into the in vitro cutaneous administration of vesicle-incorporated tretinoin, by M. Manconi, C. Sinico, D. Valenti, F. Lai, and A. M. Fadda [9] Published in 2006 by the International Journal of Pharmaceutics, volume 311, issues 1-2, pages 11–19" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.3109/10717544.2014.896428", "unstructured": "“Formulation of tretinoin-loaded topical proniosomes for treatment of acne: in-vitro character-ization, skin irritation test and comparative clinical study,” Drug Delivery, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 731-739, 2015, by" }, { "key": "ref11", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.019", "unstructured": "S. A. Rahman, N. S. Abdelmalak, A. Badawi, T. Elbayoumy, N. Sabry, and A. E. Ramly. “Retinyl acetate-loaded nanoparticles: dermal penetra-tion and release of the retinyl acetate,” published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2011, by S. Arayachukeat, S. P. Wanichwecharungruang, and T. Tree-Udom" }, { "key": "ref12", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.046", "unstructured": "“Skin penetration and dermal tolerability of acrylic nanocapsules: influence of the surface charge and a chitosan gel used as vehicle,” published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2016, was written by R. V. Contri, L. A. Fiel, N. Alnasif, A. R. Pohlmann, S. S. Guterres, and M. Schäfer-Korting" }, { "key": "ref13", "unstructured": "The production and in vitro assessment of cationic nano-capsules with coconut oil cores RAVURI SRINATH, K CHANDRASEKHAR, N PADMAJA, J. GOPALA KRISHNA, P NAVYA KRISHNA: Methods for the Development of Cationic Nanocapsules for the Topical Administration of Tretinoin: A Box-Behnken Approach, In Vitro Assessment, and Ex Vivo Epidermal Deposition Research for vaginal distribution of clotrimazole were reported by S. S. Santos, A. Lorenzoni, N. S. Pegoraro, and others in [13]. Biology of Colloid and Surface B, Biointerfaces, 2014, pp. 270-" }, { "key": "ref14", "doi": "10.3390/cosmetics7020029", "unstructured": "An paper titled “Controlled release of retinol in cationic co-polymeric nanoparticles for topical application” was published in the Cosmetics journal in 2020. The authors of the study are F. Goudon, Y. Clément, and L. Ripoll" }, { "key": "ref15", "doi": "10.1016/j.msec.2020.111624", "unstructured": "“Incorporation of nanocapsules into gel-lan gum films: a strategy to improve the stability and prolong the cutaneous release of silibinin,” published in Materials Science and Engineering: C, volume 119, page 111624 in 2021, was written by M. Gehrcke, B. T. de Bastos, L. S. da Rosa, B. D. Ilha, F. Z. M. Soares, and L. Cruz" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.1007/s13346-018-0508-6", "unstructured": "“Polymeric nanoparticles for topical delivery of alpha and beta arbutin: preparation and characterization,” Drug administration and Translational Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 482- 496, 2019, by N. S. Ayumi, S. Sahudin, Z. Hussain, M. Hussain, and N. H. A. Samah" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.013", "unstructured": "In a 2019 study published in Materials Science and Engineering: C, A. M. Cardoso, E. G. de Oliveira, K. Coradini, and others investigated the skin permeation/penetration and effectiveness in wound healing using chitosan hydrogels that included nanoencapsulated phenytoin" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.1166/jbn.2014.1752", "unstructured": "In a 2014 article published in the Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, the authors discuss the use of chitosan hydrogel and polymeric nanocapsules to enhance the adherence of capsaicinoids to the skin surface. The study was conducted by R. V. Contri, T. Katzer, and A. F. Ourique" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.1166/jbn.2009.1028", "unstructured": "The study “Semisolid formulation containing a nanoencapsulated sunscreen: effectiveness, in vitro photostability and immune response” was published in the Journal of Bio-medical Nanotechnology in 2009 and was conducted by K. Paese, A. Jäger, F. S. Poletto, and others" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.1166/jnn.2012.6662", "unstructured": "This sentence is paraphrased from a 2012 article published in the Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, which is titled “Development and stability of innovative semisolid formulations containing nanoencapsulated lipoic acid for topical use” and was written by I. C. Kulkamp-Guerreiro, T" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.020", "unstructured": "F. Terroso, E. R. Assumpção, and others. Abdelbary and Abou Ghaly (2015) published an article in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics titled “Design and optimization of topical methotrexate loaded niosomes for enhanced management of psoriasis: Application of Box-Behnken design, _in-vitro_ evaluation and _in-vivo_ skin deposition study.” The article can be found on pages 235–243" }, { "key": "ref22", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.018", "unstructured": "The article “Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery” was published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2010 and was written by C. E. Mora-Huertas, H. Fessi, and A. Elaissari" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1166/jbn.2009.1004", "unstructured": "In 2009, E. Jäger, C. G. Venturini, F. S. Poletto, and others published a paper in the Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology titled “Sustained release from lipid-core nanocapsules by varying the core viscosity and the particle surface area.” The study can be found on pages 130–140" }, { "key": "ref24", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.03.008", "unstructured": "In 2011, the European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics published an article by Ourique, Melero, de Bona da Silva, and colleagues titled “Improved photostability and reduced skin permeation of tretinoin: development of a semisolid nanomedicine.” The article ran on pages 95 to 101" }, { "key": "ref25", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.035", "unstructured": "The “Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and photostability study of retinoin-loaded nanocapsules,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 352, no. 1-2, pp. 1-4, 2008, by A. Ourique, A. Pohlmann, S. Guterres, and R. Beck" }, { "key": "ref26", "doi": "10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.051", "unstructured": "In a 2012 publication in Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, the authors discussed the use of chitosan-solid lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for the topical administration of tretinoin" }, { "key": "ref27", "doi": "10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.11.020", "unstructured": "The following study was published in 2005 in the Journal of Controlled Release: “Liposomes as carriers for dermal delivery of tretinoin: in vitro evaluation of drug permeation and vesicle-skin inter-action” C. Sinico, M. Manconi, M. Peppi, F. Lai, D. Valenti, and A. M. Fadda" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.019", "unstructured": "The article “Nano-lipoidal carriers of tre-tinoin with enhanced percutaneous absorption, photostability, biocompatibility and antipsoriatic activity” was published in 2013 in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics and was co-authored by K. Raza, B. Singh, and S. Lohan. RAVURI SRINATH, K CHANDRASEKHAR, N PADMAJA, J. GOPALA KRISHNA, P NAVYA KRISHNA: Methods for the Development of Cationic Nanocapsules for the Topical Administration of Tretinoin: A Box-Behnken Approach, In Vitro Assessment, and Ex Vivo Epidermal Deposition Research" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.007", "unstructured": "“Nanosuspension improves tretinoin photostability and delivery to the skin,” published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2013, was written by F. Lai, R. Pireddu, F. Corrias, and others. In a 1944 article published in The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, J. H. Draize outlined methods for studying the toxicity and irritation caused by substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. The study covered pages 377–390" }, { "key": "ref30", "doi": "10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.03.015", "unstructured": "In a study conducted by Marchiori et al., “Hydrogel containing silibinin-loaded pomegranate oil based nanocapsules exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on skin damage UVB radiation-induced in mice,” the researchers found that the gel reduced inflammation in the skin. Biology, volume 170, pages 25–30, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-08-27", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "record_sha256": "6ffc4b12d679e3c17278a2b9f811c2bceba330c17495681fdce6741463664898", "handle": { "synced_at": "2026-10-01 18:12:57", "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1378" }, "links": { "record_page": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/record.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "system_metadata": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67&as=system", "history": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/api.php?action=history&doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67", "kernel_xml": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i6.pp48-67&as=xml" } }