{
    "ok": true,
    "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
    "doi_display": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
    "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
    "state": "registered",
    "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1473",
    "title": "Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities",
    "version": 2,
    "registered_via": "crossref",
    "prefix": {
        "prefix": "10.46243",
        "status": "live"
    },
    "registrant": {
        "name": "Longman Publishers",
        "kind": "publisher",
        "country": "India"
    },
    "reserved_at": null,
    "registered_at": "2026-09-29 22:00:32",
    "updated_at": "2026-09-29 23:59:51",
    "withdrawn_at": null,
    "withdrawn_reason": null,
    "record": {
        "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
        "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
        "referent": "Creation",
        "type": "JournalArticle",
        "structural_type": "Digital",
        "modes": [
            "Visual"
        ],
        "characters": [
            "Language"
        ],
        "titles": [
            {
                "value": "Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities",
                "type": "PrincipalTitle",
                "lang": "en"
            }
        ],
        "identifiers": [
            {
                "type": "DOI",
                "value": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52"
            }
        ],
        "agents": [
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "M.Kishore Babu"
                },
                "sequence": "first"
            },
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "B. Sasidhar"
                },
                "sequence": "additional"
            },
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "K.Srirama Krishna"
                },
                "sequence": "additional"
            },
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "M.Rajan"
                },
                "sequence": "additional"
            },
            {
                "role": "publisher",
                "name": {
                    "org": "Longman Publishers"
                }
            }
        ],
        "dates": {
            "published": "2025-07-05",
            "date_type": "PublicationDate",
            "online": "2025-07-05"
        },
        "language": "en",
        "container": {
            "type": "Journal",
            "titles": [
                {
                    "value": "Journal of Science & Technology",
                    "type": "PrincipalTitle"
                }
            ],
            "identifiers": [
                {
                    "type": "ISSN",
                    "value": "2456-5660",
                    "medium": "electronic"
                }
            ],
            "volume": "10",
            "issue": "07",
            "pages": {
                "first": "37",
                "last": "52"
            }
        },
        "links": [
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1473",
                "return_type": "text/html",
                "primary": true
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1473/1119",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/pdf"
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1473/1217",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/xml"
            },
            {
                "url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1473/1119",
                "purpose": "similarity-checking"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": {
            "value": "Optimizing perioperative treatment, mitigating surgical stress reactions, and accelerating patient recovery are the goals of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol, which is seeing growing application in gastrointestinal procedures. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), respiratory depression, and intestinal paralysis are serious side effects of opioid-based anesthesia that may slow down recovery, despite the fact that it successfully reduces pain. These worries are intended to be alleviated by opioid-free anesthesia (OFA). Focusing on its function in facilitating gastrointestinal function recovery, better pain management, lowering adverse events, and increasing patient satisfaction, this article investigates the pharmacological substances and localized block strategies often used in OFA.",
            "lang": "en"
        },
        "license": {
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "start": "2025-07-05",
            "applies_to": "vor"
        },
        "references": [
            {
                "key": "ref1",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.07.012",
                "unstructured": "The authors of the 2016 article are Ahn, E. J., Park, J. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, K. W., Choi, H. R., and Bang, S. R. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of anticholinergic premedication to avoid bradycardia during spinal anesthesia and dexmedetomidine sedation. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Volume 35, Issues 13–19, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.07.012"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref2",
                "doi": "10.4103/0366-6999.211878",
                "unstructured": "This sentence was written by An, Wang, Cope, and Williams in 2017. Quantitative assessment of pain using an EEG-derived pain index. Chinese Medical Journal, Volume 130, Issues 1926–1931, doi:10.4103/0366-6999.211878"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref3",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-022-01747-w",
                "unstructured": "In 2022, An, G., Wang, G., Zhao, B., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Fu, J., and others published. Results from a randomized controlled trial comparing opioid and opioid-free anesthesia for laparoscopic radical colectomy under the supervision of a pain threshold index monitor. doi:10.1186/ s12871-022-01747-w. BMC Anesthesiology. 22"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref4",
                "doi": "10.1007/s40265-018-0955-x",
                "unstructured": "In a 2018 publication, Beaussier, Delbos, Maurice-Szamburski, Ecoffey, and Mercadal were the authors. Perioperative usage of intravenous lidocaine. Paper published in Drugs, volume 78, pages 1229–1246, with the DOI number 10.1007/s40265-018-0955-x"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref5",
                "doi": "10.1097/aln.0000000000003725",
                "unstructured": "In 2021, Beloeil et al. were joined by Garot, Lebuffe, Gerbaud, Bila, and Cuvillon. In big or intermediate noncardiac surgeries, dexmedetomidine-balanced anesthesia is preferable to remifentanil-balanced anesthesia. Published in Anesthesiology 134, 541-551. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003725"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref6",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110906",
                "unstructured": "Le-Goff, M. C., Cerro, V., Bouffard, Y., Berlier, J., Tete, H., Carabalona, J. F., and others (2022). Anesthesia alternatives without opioids and their impact on morphine use after bariatric surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Volume 81, Issue 1, Page 110906, doi:10.1016/j. jclinane.2022.110906"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref7",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-023-02152-7",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a work by Cha, Hu, Zhu, Long, Jiang, and Gong (2023). Improved postoperative recovery after hysteroscopy with opioid-free lidocaine anesthesia: a randomized controlled experiment. 192. doi:10.1186/ s12871-023-02152-7. Published in BMC Anesthesiology"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref8",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2023.10.031",
                "unstructured": "In 2024, Chassery et al. were joined by Atthar, Marty, Vuillaume, Casalprim, Basset, and Basset. A randomized controlled experiment comparing opioid-free and opioid-sparing anesthesia for outpatient total hip replacement. “British Journal of Anaesthesia” 132, 352–358, doi:10. 1016/j.bja.2023. 10.031"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref9",
                "doi": "10.23736/s0375-9393.22.15850-5",
                "unstructured": "In 2022, Chen, Luo, Huang, and Jiao published their work. Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: the impact of opioid-free anesthesia. “Minerva Anesthesiol. 88, 439-447.” doi:10.23736/S0375-9393.22.15850-"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref10",
                "doi": "10.1097/eja.0000000000001402",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a research paper by Coeckelenbergh et al. (2021). A randomized controlled study examining the efficacy of index-guided remifentanil antinociception in relation to dexmedetomidine dosage. “Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 38, 524-533. doi:10. 1097/ EJA.0000000000001402”"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref11",
                "doi": "10.1186/s40001-025-02565-9",
                "unstructured": "In 2025, Dagher, Mattar, Aoun, Tohme, Naccache, and Jabbour published a paper. A prospective randomized controlled study on opioid-free anesthesia for bariatric surgery. This article is in the European Journal of Medical Research and has the DOI: 10.1186/s40001- 025-02565-9"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref12",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.054",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a study by Dam, Hansen, Poulsen, Azawi, Wolmarans, Chan, and colleagues (2019). A single-center randomized controlled study found that transmuscular quadratus lumborum blocks for percutaneous nephrolithotomy decreased opioid usage and accelerated ambulation and hospital release. Citation: Br. J. Anaesth. 123, e350-e358. doi:10.1016/j. bja.2019.04.054"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref13",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bpa.2017.07.002",
                "unstructured": "Forget, P., Detriche, O., and De Boer, H. D. (2017). Postoperative ileus, retention of urine, nausea, vomiting, and shivering are among adverse symptoms associated with opioids. An analysis of the existing research. The article “Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol.” was published in 2017 and can be accessed online at doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2017.07.002. It is pages 499-504"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref14",
                "doi": "10.1111/aas.12651",
                "unstructured": "In 2016, Feldheiser et al. were joined by Aziz, Baldini, Cox, Fearon, Feldman, and others. Part 2 of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) consensus statement for anesthesia practice pertains to gastrointestinal surgeries. The citation is from the Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 60, pages 289-334. this article’s DOI is 10.1111/aas.12651. M. Kishore Babu, B. Sasidhar, K.Srirama Krishna, M.Rajan: Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref15",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.008",
                "unstructured": "Xu, Y., Chen, S., Song, N., Meng, X. W., Liu, H., and others (2024). Using opioid-free anaesthesia during thoracoscopic lung resection decreases postoperative vomiting and nausea: a randomized controlled study. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 132, 267-276. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. bja.2023.11.008"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref16",
                "doi": "10.23736/s0375-9393.24.18186-2",
                "unstructured": "Zhang, L., Gao, H., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, Q., and others (2024). A randomized controlled experiment comparing opioid anesthesia with regional block versus opioid-free anesthesia found that the latter resulted in a higher quality of recovery after retroperitoneiscopic kidney surgery. This article appears in Minerva Anesthesiol and has the DOI: 10.23736/S0375- 9393.24.18186-2"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref17",
                "doi": "10.1093/bja/aew024",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a 2016 paper by Goettel, Bharadwaj, Venkatraghavan, Mehta, Bernstein, and Manninen. Conducting awake craniotomy with dexmedetomidine or propofol-remifentanil conscious sedation: a prospective randomized controlled experiment. “British Journal of Anaesthesia” 116, 811–821. doi:10.1093/bja/aew024 Publication: 2000 by Hall, Uhrich, Barney, Arain, and Ebert. The sedative, amnestic, and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine infusions given in tiny doses. This sentence is a DOI link to the following article: “Anesth. Analg. 90, 699-705.”"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref18",
                "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s439674",
                "unstructured": "A group of researchers from China (Hao, Xu, Du, Zhang, X., and Zhao, Z.) published a study in 2023. A randomized controlled experiment examining the effects of opioid-free anesthesia on the quality of recovery in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Paper published in Drug Development and Therapeutics, volume 17, pages 3539–3547, with the DOI of 10.2147/ DDDT.S439674"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref19",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2019.06.014",
                "unstructured": "A narrative overview of the molecular mechanisms of action of systemic lidocaine in acute and chronic pain was published in 2019 by Hermanns, Hollmann, Stevens, Lirk, Brandenburger, and Piegeler. British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 123, Issue 3, Pages 335–349, DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.06.014"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref20",
                "doi": "10.1097/eja.0000000000001382",
                "unstructured": "In 2021, the authors were Hu, J., Zhu, M., Gao, Z., Zhao, S., Feng, X., and Chen, J. A randomized, double-blind clinical study of dexmedetomidine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly patients having oesophagectomy under complete intravenous anesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesia, 38, S9–S17, doi:10.1097/ EJA.0000000000001382"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref21",
                "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s502938",
                "unstructured": "Jiang, Y., He, S., Huan, C., Zhang, T., and Jin, J. (2025). A randomized controlled experiment found that patients who received esketamine intraoperatively used less opioids after laparoscopic gynecological surgery. Pharmaceutical Development and Therapeutics 19, 229–238. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S502938"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref22",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-021-01561-w",
                "unstructured": "Ibrahim, M., Hegab, A., Alnujaidi, O. A., El Sanea, O. (2022). Elnabtity, A. M. A randomized controlled experiment on the quality of recovery after sleeve gastrectomy performed using the ERAS protocol found that a combination of opioid-free and loco-regional anesthesia improved the outcome. Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, Volume 22, Issue 29, Article Number 10.1186/s12871-021-01561-w (Iirola et al., 2012). The population pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients undergoing long-term sedation. “British Journal of Anaesthesia 108, 460-468.” doi:10.1093/bja/ aer441"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref23",
                "doi": "10.4103/ija.ija_581_22",
                "unstructured": "Ravindran, A., Kaniyil, S., and Jose, A. (2023). Intraoperative hemodynamic stability in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled experiment comparing morphine to an intravenous dexmedetomidine-lignocaine infusion. Citation: Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 67, 697–702, doi:10.4103/ija.ija 581_22"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref24",
                "doi": "10.1097/00000542-200701000-00007",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a 2007 publication by Kaba, Laurent, Detroz, Sessler, Durieux, Lamy, et al. Acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy is made easier with intravenous lidocaine infusion. Chapter 106, Sections 11–18, Anesthesiology, DOI: 10.1097/00000542- 200701000-00007"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref25",
                "doi": "10.1186/1471-2253-15-17",
                "unstructured": "In 2015, Kim, J., Kim, W. O., Kim, H. B., and Kil, H. K. worked together. Patients having transurethral prostate excision with spinal anesthesia: a dose-response study by age group: adequate sedation with single-dose dexmedetomidine. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-15- 17 BMC Anesthesiology. 15, 17"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref26",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.05.004",
                "unstructured": "With contributions from Palte, Chehade, Arheart, Ranasinghe, and Penning (2013), Lee et al. Intrathecal morphine with ultrasoundguided transversus abdominis plane blocks for post-cesarean pain management. Clinical Anesthesiology 25, 475-482. This sentence cannot be paraphrased as it is a scientific paper and does not contain meta-data"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref27",
                "doi": "10.4097/kja.22481",
                "unstructured": "In 2023, the authors were Lee, J. H., Kim, C. S., Choi, J. M., Kim, Y., Jeong, S. M., and others. M. Kishore Babu, B. Sasidhar, K.Srirama Krishna, M.Rajan: Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities The purpose of this prospective, randomized, assessor-blind trial was to determine whether or not thoracic paravertebral blocks reduced opioid intake after laparoscopic cholecystectomy by acting as a visceral analgesic. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, Volume 76, Pages 203-212, doi:10.4097/kja.22481"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref28",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-019-0835-2",
                "unstructured": "Xiao, Li, Yu, Yang, and Tan (2019). After radical thyroidectomy, patients get increased pain relief with a combination of ropivacaine wound infiltration and intravenous flurbiprofen axetil, according to a randomized controlled experiment. 19, published in the BMC Anaesthesiology journal. doi:10.1186/s12871-019-0835-2 (167)"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref29",
                "doi": "10.1007/s00540-023-03254-9",
                "unstructured": "Zhu, Liu, Bi, Xiang, and Song, 2023. Thyroid surgery: a randomized controlled study comparing opioid-based anesthesia to opioidfree anesthesia with an ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block for safety and effectiveness. “Journal of Anesthesiology” 37, 914–922. doi:10.1007/s00540-023-03254-9"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref30",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-024-02424-w",
                "unstructured": "In 2024, Liu, Wang, Song, and Cao published a paper. Analgesia and delirium after gastrointestinal surgery in older individuals given esketamine. 24, 46. doi:10.1186/s12871- 024-02424-w. Published in BMC Anesthesiology"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref31",
                "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28886",
                "unstructured": "A group of researchers including Lu, Y., Yu, Y. Q., Cheng, X. Q., Feng, X. M., and Wong, G. T. C. (2021) released a study. Randomized clinical study of intraoperative dexmedetomidine for the improvement of gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery in elderly patients. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28886 JAMA Network Open, 4, e2128886"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref32",
                "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s508805",
                "unstructured": "In 2025, Luo, L. L., Xiao, R., Zhang, J. P., Xi, W. F., Xu, G. H., and Yuan, H. published their work. Anesthesia for hip surgery in older patients without opioids using esketamine and iliac fascia block. Drug “Development of Therapeutics” (19, 3337–3349), doi:10.2147/DDDT. S508805"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref33",
                "doi": "10.1213/ane.0000000000005175",
                "unstructured": "Authors Margraf, Ludwig, Zarbock, and Rossaint (2020). Prevention and pathogenesis of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome. “Anesth. Analg. 131, 1693-1707” (doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005175)"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref34",
                "doi": "10.1093/bja/aes400",
                "unstructured": "In 2013, Marhofer et al. published a study as well as Pils, Weber, and Zeitlinger. An adjuvant to ropivacaine, dexmedetomidine prolongs peripheral nerve block: a trial with volunteers. “British Journal of Anaesthesia 110, 438-442.” doi:10.1093/bja/aes400"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref35",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.057",
                "unstructured": "A group of researchers including Meijer, Honing, Roor, Toet, Calis, and Olofsen (2020) have published a study. Effect of nociception on postoperative pain reduction with sevofluraneguided fentanyl dosing: a randomized controlled study. Published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia, volume 125, pages 1070–1078 (doi:10.1016/j. bja.2020.07.057)"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref36",
                "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-39856-2",
                "unstructured": "In 2023, Mieszczanski, P., Gorniewski, G., Ziemianski, P., Cylke, R., Lisik, W., and Trzebicki, J. had a publication. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective, randomized trial comparing intraoperative opioid free anesthesia with multimodal anesthesia. Science Reports 13, 12677. doi:10.1038/s41598-023- 39856-2"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref37",
                "doi": "10.1213/ane.0000000000006851",
                "unstructured": "Citation: Sci. Rep. “Heimseher” and “Mion” (2024). Less sleepiness and greater analgesia with eskelithamine. Research in Anesthesiology 139, 78–91. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000006851"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref38",
                "doi": "10.1186/s12871-024-02859-1",
                "unstructured": "In 2025, Mogianos and Persson published a paper. A prospective observational research on anesthesia depth monitoring during opioid-free anesthesia. 25, 37. doi:10. 1186/s12871-024- 02859-1. Published in BMC Anesthesiology"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref39",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.11.027",
                "unstructured": "In 2018, Neethu et al. were joined by Sharma & Darlong as well as Sinha and Punj. Efficacy of pectoral nerve blocks in postoperative pain management for breast cancer patients: a randomised, controlled study. This article was published in the Journal of Clinical Anesthesia on page 12–17 with the DOI: 10.1016/j. jclinane.2017. 11.027"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref40",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.07.034",
                "unstructured": "In 2019, the authors were Ni, X., Jia, D., Guo, Y., Sun, X., and Suo, J. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies examines the safety and effectiveness of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program in laparoscopic digestive system surgery. International Journal of Surgery, 69, 108–115. doi:10.1016/j. ijsu.2019.07.034"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref41",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.03.033",
                "unstructured": "In 2016, Oksar, Koyuncu, Turhanoglu, Temiz, and Oran published a paper. The use of a transversus abdominis plane block to alleviate pain during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one method among many. Volume 34, Issues 72–78, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2016–03.033"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref42",
                "doi": "10.7150/ijms.48772",
                "unstructured": "In 2020, Park, J. H., Hong, H., Shim, J. K., and Lim, H. K. published a work. How well injectable ephedrine prevents hemodynamic disturbances in dexmedetomidine-sedated individuals M. Kishore Babu, B. Sasidhar, K.Srirama Krishna, M.Rajan: Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities undergoing spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Medical Sciences 17, 2285-2291. doi:10.7150/ijms.48772"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref43",
                "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-39265-5",
                "unstructured": "With Park, S., Han, W. K., Lee, J., and Lee, J. H. as co-authors (2023). The efficacy of blocking the erector spinae plane during laparoscopic colorectal surgery in minimizing opioid use and promoting early ambulation: a randomized, controlled study. Report from the Scientific Community, Volume 13, Issue 12056, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39265-5"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref44",
                "doi": "10.3390/ph14111091",
                "unstructured": "The authors of the article are Paul, A. K., Rahmatullah, M., Nissapatorn, V., Wilairatana, P., Spetea, M., and Smith, C. M. (2021). A review of opioid analgesia and opioid-induced side effects. The article is published in Pharm. (Basel) and has the DOI: 10.3390/ph14111091"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref45",
                "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0142249",
                "unstructured": "The authors of the article are Pei, L., Zhou, Y., Tan, G., Mao, F., Yang, D., Guan, J. (2015). A randomized controlled study improved analgesia following breast cancer surgery and decreased intraoperative opioid demand using ultrasoundassisted thoracic paravertebral block. The experiment was conducted at a single site. 10(4), e0142249, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142249, published in PLoS One"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref46",
                "doi": "10.1136/rapm-2024-105632",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a work by Perez, Strunk, Preciado, Defaccio, Chang, and Mallipeddi (2024). Randomized controlled experiment using prospective enrollment and single-blind testing to determine the impact of an opioid-free anesthesia on painkiller usage after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The article is published in the Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and has the DOI number 10.1136/rapm-2024-105632"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref47",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.001",
                "unstructured": "Rawal, Namrata (2021). Postoperative pain relief with epidural analgesia: better results or more risks? Very best. Clinical and Practical Anaesthesia 35, 53–65. doi:10.1016/j. bpa.2020.12.001"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref48",
                "doi": "10.1093/bja/68.2.126",
                "unstructured": "The authors of the 1992 publication are B. Scheinin, L. Lindgren, T. Randell, H. Scheinin, and M. Scheinin. Dexmedetomidine decreases the need for thiopentone and peroperative fentanyl by attenuating sympathoadrenal reactions to tracheal intubation. “British Journal of Anaesthesia 68: 126–131” (doi:10.1093/ bja/68.2.126)"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref49",
                "doi": "10.1111/aas.12601",
                "unstructured": "In 2015, a group of researchers including Scott, Baldini, Fearon, Feldheiser, Feldman, Gan, and others published a paper. Pathophysiological aspects of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgeries, part 1. Article published in the Scandinavian Journal of Anaesthesia 59: 1212–1231. doi:10. 1111/ aas.12601"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref50",
                "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.47886",
                "unstructured": "This is the 2023 version of the paper by Song, Yang, Zheng, Shi, Tan, X. S., Tan, A. P., and others. A randomized clinical experiment examining the effects of esketamine added to propofol sedation on hypotension and desaturation during bidirectional endoscopy. (doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.47886) in JAMA Network Open, volume 6, issue 2347886, 2023"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref51",
                "doi": "10.1007/s11695-025-08008-y",
                "unstructured": "Presented by Song, B., Li, W., Wan, L., and Zhang, L. in 2025. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients’ quality of recovery after surgery as a function of opioid-free vs opioid anesthesia. Surgical obesity, volume 35, pages 3120–3130, doi:10.1007/s11695-025-08008-y"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref52",
                "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6064246/v1",
                "unstructured": "As a group, Sun, Zhao, Li, Zhai, Gao, Yin, and Yin (2023) produced this. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of a continuous subanesthetic esketamine infusion on postoperative tiredness in patients having laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer. Scientific Reports, Volume 13, Issue 25,54–2563, American Journal of Cancer Research"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref53",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bja.2021.01.001",
                "unstructured": "In 2021, Urvoy, Aveline, Belot, Catier, and Beloeil published a paper. The Opiate-free anesthesia for anterior total hip replacement trial: an observational prospective research comparing opioid-free and general anesthesia for this procedure. “British Journal of Anaesthesia” 126, e136–e139, doi:10.1016/j.bja.2021.01.001"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref54",
                "unstructured": "Authors: Wang, Y., Xia, B., Zhang, H. B., Wang, G. M., and Zhang, M. Y. (2012). Analgesic effects of flurbiprofen axetil before radical esophageal cancer surgery using the left thoracic route in patients. “Chinese Medical Journal of English 125, 579–582. doi:10.3760/cma.j.is sn.0366-6999.2012.04.004”"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref55",
                "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2023.1243311",
                "unstructured": "Li, Y., Wang, J., Liang, C., Han, X., and Miao, C. (2023) were all authors of the paper. Randomized clinical study on opioid-free anesthesia for lung surgery finds less severe initial postoperative motion-induced discomfort and side events associated to patient-controlled epidural analgesia. This article appears in Front. Med. (Lausanne) and has the DOI of 10.3389/ fmed.2023.1243311. M. Kishore Babu, B. Sasidhar, K.Srirama Krishna, M.Rajan: Improved postoperative recovery after gastrointestinal surgery with opioid-free anesthesia: present state, obstacles, and future possibilities"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref56",
                "unstructured": "This sentence is a citation for a work by Wang, Sun, Zhu, Shan, Liu, Ji, and colleagues in the year 2024. Anaesthesia with propofol and anaesthesia without opioids"
            }
        ],
        "record": {
            "registrant": "Longman Publishers",
            "registered": "2026-08-27",
            "updated": "2026-09-20",
            "issue_number": 1,
            "source": "crossref-api",
            "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
        }
    },
    "record_sha256": "9ae5dbf5c4f91bcd8b4edae10e848d34f98f30088bad1adaa014615c777d772e",
    "handle": {
        "synced_at": "2026-10-01 18:12:57",
        "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1473"
    },
    "links": {
        "record_page": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/record.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
        "system_metadata": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52&as=system",
        "history": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/api.php?action=history&doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52",
        "kernel_xml": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i07.pp37-52&as=xml"
    }
}