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            "value": "Pearson (2002) claims that underrepresented groups are underrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. African Americans are one of these under -represented populations. For the sake of the American economy, it is crucial to increase the number of people studying computer science and other STEM subjects (J. F. L. Jackson, Charleston, George, and Gilbert, in press; Moore, 2006; Pearson, 2002). The author sheds light on the lives of African American students pursu ing degrees in computing at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels via the use of the grounded theory methodology. There are implications for encouraging participants to pursue computer science degrees and for encouraging them to pursue their professional goals in general that stem from the findings of this research. The research yielded a heuristic approach for increasing access to computers",
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                "unstructured": "Ashby, C. M. (2006). The role of government programs in the current state of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Report No. GAO-06-702T, Testimony before the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref3",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.005",
                "unstructured": "Similarly, Byars-Winston, A. Black college students' social cognitive career factors as predicted by racial ideology. Career Development: An International Journal, 69, 134–148"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref4",
                "doi": "10.1177/0894845309345847",
                "unstructured": "A. Byars-Winston & Co. Assessing and counseling African Americans on their professional futures via the lens of cultural formulations. Career Development Journal, 37, 441–464. doi:10.1177/ 0894845309345847"
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                "key": "ref5",
                "doi": "10.2307/2967293",
                "unstructured": "According to Carver, B. A. Defining the early elementary school computer education environment for African American boys in metropolitan settings. Journal of African American Education, 63(4), 532-545. doi:10.2307/2967293"
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                "key": "ref6",
                "doi": "10.1108/s1479-3644(2011)0000011018",
                "unstructured": "L. J. Charleston & J. F. L. Jackson (2011). Mentoring program for the academic and scientific leaders of the future: Methods that have been shown to help black students succeed in PhD programs in computer science. Beyond stock stories and folktales: African Americans' pathways into STEM areas, edited by W. F. Tate and H. T. Frierson (pp. 287–305). Emerald, of Bingley, UK. doi:10.1108/S1479-3644 (2011)00000110181990"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref7",
                "unstructured": "H. Cheatham. African-centeredness and the advancement of black professionals. Job Decline (Eds.) C. F. Conrad, A. Neumann, J. G. Haworth, and P. Scott (1993). Learning from and with diverse viewpoints and methods of inquiry in qualitative studies in higher education. Boston, MA: Ginn Press, Needham Heights"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref8",
                "doi": "10.1353/hsj.2003.0014",
                "unstructured": "Flowers, L. A., H. R. Milner, & J. L. Moore, III. Implications for preservice and inservice high school teachers and counselors about the influence of locus of power on the educational aspirations of African American high school seniors. 87, 39–50. DOI: 10.1355/hsj.2003.0014. The High School Journal. (2005)"
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                "key": "ref9",
                "doi": "10.1002/j.2161-0045.2005.tb00992.x",
                "unstructured": "Fouad, N., and Byars-Winston, A. Analysis of cultural factors in occupational choice among ethnic groups. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2005.tb00992.x The Career Development Quarterly, 53, 223-233"
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                "key": "ref10",
                "unstructured": "Gilbert and James F. L. Jackson. 2007. An Overview of the STEM Fields and Their Current Status. Final report for the M7 STEM white paper, edited by J. E. Gilbert and J. F. L. Jackson (pp. 7-13). University of Marquette Press, Milwaukee"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref11",
                "unstructured": "According to Gilbert (2007), Jackson (2007), George (2007), Charleston (2007), Daniels (2007), and Charleston (2007), B. D. The M7 area is a case study for a SWOT analysis of STEM education. M7 white paper: Final report (pp. 38-66) in J. E. Gilbert and J. F. L. Jackson (Eds.). Marquette University Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref12",
                "doi": "10.1177/104973299129122199",
                "unstructured": "As cited in Glaser (1999). Grounded theory's bright future. 836-845 in QHR: Qualitative Health Research. doi: 10.1177/104973299129122199"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref13",
                "unstructured": "Strauss, A. C., and B. G. Glaser (1967). Grounded theory development : methods for doing qualitative research. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref14",
                "unstructured": ". Gottfredson, L. S. Gottfredson's theory of confinement and accommodation as applied to career counseling. Career guidance and counseling: Implementing theory and research, edited by S. D. Brown and R. W. Lent (pp. 71-100). Wiley, a New York publisher"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref15",
                "unstructured": "Graham, Lawrence P. The persistence of undergraduate women in engineering: a qualitative study (Doctoral dissertation, unpublished). Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref16",
                "unstructured": "Y. S. Lincoln and E. Guba Guba (1981). Evaluating in a way that yields actionable insights requires an approach that is both flexible and grounded in reality. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, California"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref17",
                "unstructured": "Graeme A. Hrabowski & William J. Pearson, Jr. Journal of collegiate Science Teaching, 22, 234-238. \"Recruiting and retaining talented African-American males in college science and engineering.\""
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                "unstructured": "Jackson, J. F. L., L. J. Charleston, P. L. George, and J. E. Gilbert are now working on a publication. Motivations of African American men to pursue careers in computer science: A survey of students and practitioners. To cite M. C. Brown"
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