{
    "ok": true,
    "doi": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
    "doi_display": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
    "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
    "state": "registered",
    "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/517",
    "title": "The Osteogenic Potential of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles of Different Sizes and Shapes.",
    "version": 2,
    "registered_via": "crossref",
    "prefix": {
        "prefix": "10.46243",
        "status": "live"
    },
    "registrant": {
        "name": "Longman Publishers",
        "kind": "publisher",
        "country": "India"
    },
    "reserved_at": null,
    "registered_at": "2026-09-29 22:00:37",
    "updated_at": "2026-09-29 23:59:57",
    "withdrawn_at": null,
    "withdrawn_reason": null,
    "record": {
        "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
        "doi": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
        "referent": "Creation",
        "type": "JournalArticle",
        "structural_type": "Digital",
        "modes": [
            "Visual"
        ],
        "characters": [
            "Language"
        ],
        "titles": [
            {
                "value": "The Osteogenic Potential of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles of Different Sizes and Shapes.",
                "type": "PrincipalTitle",
                "lang": "en"
            }
        ],
        "identifiers": [
            {
                "type": "DOI",
                "value": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30"
            }
        ],
        "agents": [
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "Dr.A",
                    "family": "Padmanabham"
                },
                "sequence": "first"
            },
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "Mr.V.N.V.Radha",
                    "family": "Kishna Murty"
                },
                "sequence": "additional"
            },
            {
                "role": "publisher",
                "name": {
                    "org": "Longman Publishers"
                }
            }
        ],
        "dates": {
            "published": "2021-12-10",
            "date_type": "PublicationDate",
            "online": "2021-12-10"
        },
        "language": "en",
        "container": {
            "type": "Journal",
            "titles": [
                {
                    "value": "Journal of Science & Technology",
                    "type": "PrincipalTitle"
                }
            ],
            "identifiers": [
                {
                    "type": "ISSN",
                    "value": "2456-5660",
                    "medium": "electronic"
                }
            ],
            "volume": "06",
            "issue": "06",
            "pages": {
                "first": "19",
                "last": "30"
            }
        },
        "links": [
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/517",
                "return_type": "text/html",
                "primary": true
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/517/458",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/pdf"
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/517/2381",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/xml"
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/517/458",
                "purpose": "similarity-checking"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": {
            "value": "Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are widely used in biomedical materials and implant coatings; however, their effects on osteoblast function may vary according to particle size, morphology, crystalline phase, concentration, and exposure duration. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and osteogenic effects of four uncoated TiO₂ nanoparticles—two anatase particles (A1 and A2) with erythrocyte-like and spherical morphologies and two rod-shaped rutile particles (R1 and R2)—using MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast cells. Particle morphology, size, surface characteristics, dispersion, and aggregation were examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential analysis. Cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay, while apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, antioxidant status, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin production, cellular ultrastructure, and mineralized-nodule formation were also assessed. TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibited concentration-, size-, shape-, and exposure-dependent biological effects. Concentrations above 20 μg/mL adversely affected cell viability, with reductions exceeding 50% at concentrations above 50 μg/mL. Exposure to the nanoparticles decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and inhibited osteogenic differentiation, although osteocalcin levels did not differ significantly from the control. TiO₂ treatment also increased reactive oxygen species and superoxide production, altered antioxidant parameters, and produced cellular and organelle damage following nanoparticle internalization. These findings indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles may negatively affect preosteoblast proliferation and differentiation through oxidative stress and intracellular structural damage. Careful optimization of nanoparticle physicochemical characteristics and exposure levels is therefore necessary when incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles into materials intended for bone-related biomedical applications.",
            "lang": "en"
        },
        "license": {
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
            "start": "2021-12-10",
            "applies_to": "vor"
        },
        "references": [
            {
                "key": "ref1",
                "doi": "10.3762/bjnano.9.98",
                "unstructured": "J. Jeevanandam, A. Barhoum, Y. S. Chan, A. Dufresne, and M. K. Danquah, “Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations,” Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 9, pp. 1050–1074, 2018"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref2",
                "doi": "10.1186/1743-8977-10-15",
                "unstructured": "H. Shi, R. Magaye, V. Castranova, and J. Zhao, “Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data,” Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 15, 2013"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref3",
                "doi": "10.1007/s10535-017-0733-8",
                "unstructured": "S. Silva, H. Oliveira, A. M. S. Silva, and C. Santos, “The cytotoxic targets of anatase or rutile + anatase nanoparticles depend on the plant species,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 717–725, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref4",
                "doi": "10.2147/ijn.s153758",
                "unstructured": "A. Hasan, M. Morshed, A. Memic, S. Hassan, T. Webster, and H. Marei, “Nanoparticles in tissue engineering: applications, challenges and prospects,” International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. Volume 13, pp. 5637–5655, 2018"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref5",
                "doi": "10.1002/jbm.a.35654",
                "unstructured": "X. Li, J. Wei, K. E. Aifantis et al., “Current investigations into magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 1285–1296, 2016"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref6",
                "doi": "10.1080/17435390.2016.1196250",
                "unstructured": "A. Jimeno-Romero, M. Oron, M. P. Cajaraville, M. Soto, and I. Marigomez, “Nanoparticle size and combined toxicity of TiO2 and DSLS (surfactant) contribute to lysosomal responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles,” Nanotoxicology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1168–1176, 2016"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref7",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.034",
                "unstructured": "T. H. Kim, M. S. Kang, N. Mandakhbayar, A. El-Fiqi, and H. W. Kim, “Anti-inflammatory actions of folatefunctionalized bioactive ion-releasing nanoparticles imply drug-free nanotherapy of inflamed tissues,” Biomaterials, vol. 207, pp. 23–38, 2019"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref8",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.014",
                "unstructured": "I. Pujalte, D. Dieme, S. Haddad, A. M. Serventi, and M. Bouchard, “Toxicokinetics of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles after inhalation in rats,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 265, pp. 77–85, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref9",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.cossms.2016.03.006",
                "unstructured": "S. Vial, R. L. Reis, and J. M. Oliveira, “Recent advances using gold nanoparticles as a promising multimodal tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine,” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 92–112, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref10",
                "doi": "10.1093/rb/rby001",
                "unstructured": "K. Zhang, Y. Fan, N. Dunne, and X. Li, “Effect of microporosity on scaffolds for bone tissue engineering,” Regenerative Biomaterials, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115–124, 2018"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref11",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122495",
                "unstructured": "A. J. Haider, Z. N. Jameel, and I. H. M. Al-Hussaini, “Review on: titanium dioxide applications,” Energy Procedia, vol. 157, pp. 17–29, 2019. [12] M. H. Hamzah, S. Eavani, and E. Rafiee,“CoAl2O4/TiO2 nano composite as an anti-corrosion pigment,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 242, p. 122495, 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref12",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.03.053",
                "unstructured": "I. Narkevica, L. Stradina, L. Stipniece, E. Jakobsons, and J. Ozolins, “Electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles on porous TiO2‐X ceramic scaffolds for biomedical applications,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 3185–3193, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref13",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.291",
                "unstructured": "T. V. S. S. P. Sashank, B. Manikanta, and A. Pasula, “Fabrication and experimental investigation on dye sensitized solar cells using titanium dioxide nano particles,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 3918–3925, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref14",
                "doi": "10.1165/ajrcmb/6.5.535",
                "unstructured": "J. Ferin, G. Oberdörster, and D. P. Penney, “Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 535–542, 1992"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref15",
                "doi": "10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00115-1",
                "unstructured": "R. Kumazawa, F. Watari, N. Takashi, Y. Tanimura, M. Uo, and Y. Totsuka, “Effects of Ti ions and particles on neutrophil function and morphology,” Biomaterials, vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 3757–3764, 2002. Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 2456-5660, Volume 6, Issue 6 (NOV-DEC 2021)"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref16",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.019",
                "unstructured": "T. Brzicova, J. Sikorova, A. Milcova et al., “Nano-TiO2 stability in medium and size as important factors of toxicity in macrophage-like cells,” Toxicology In Vitro, vol. 54, pp. 178–188, 2019"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref17",
                "doi": "10.1002/jbm.a.36448",
                "unstructured": "M. Ibrahim, J. Schoelermann, K. Mustafa, and M. R. Cimpan, “TiO2 nanoparticles disrupt cell adhesion and the architecture of cytoskeletal networks of human osteoblast-like cells in a size dependent manner,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 2582–2593, 2018"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref18",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.054",
                "unstructured": "K. Hattori, K. Nakadate, A. Morii, T. Noguchi, Y. Ogasawara, and K. Ishii, “Exposure to nano-size titanium dioxide causes oxidative damages in human mesothelial cells: the crystal form rather than size of particle contributes to cytotoxicity,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 492, no. 2, pp. 218–223, 2017"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref19",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.018",
                "unstructured": "M. J. Bessa, C. Costa, J. Reinosa et al., “Toxicity of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized in nanokaolin nanocomposites on HepG2 cell line,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 316, pp. 114–122, 2017"
            }
        ],
        "record": {
            "registrant": "Longman Publishers",
            "registered": "2026-09-08",
            "updated": "2026-09-20",
            "issue_number": 1,
            "source": "crossref-api",
            "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
        }
    },
    "record_sha256": "7e8d357ac0066fa4d6c1be3acfbba5281786c7370cdf878b244d7a7990d6ee80",
    "handle": {
        "synced_at": "2026-10-01 18:13:46",
        "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/517"
    },
    "links": {
        "record_page": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/record.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
        "system_metadata": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30&as=system",
        "history": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/api.php?action=history&doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30",
        "kernel_xml": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2021.v6.i6.pp19-30&as=xml"
    }
}