{
    "ok": true,
    "doi": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
    "doi_display": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
    "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
    "state": "registered",
    "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/405",
    "title": "COVID-19 Epidemic and Pattern of Global Distribution",
    "version": 2,
    "registered_via": "crossref",
    "prefix": {
        "prefix": "10.46243",
        "status": "live"
    },
    "registrant": {
        "name": "Longman Publishers",
        "kind": "publisher",
        "country": "India"
    },
    "reserved_at": null,
    "registered_at": "2026-09-29 22:00:22",
    "updated_at": "2026-09-29 23:59:41",
    "withdrawn_at": null,
    "withdrawn_reason": null,
    "record": {
        "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0",
        "doi": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
        "referent": "Creation",
        "type": "JournalArticle",
        "structural_type": "Digital",
        "modes": [
            "Visual"
        ],
        "characters": [
            "Language"
        ],
        "titles": [
            {
                "value": "COVID-19 Epidemic and Pattern of Global Distribution",
                "type": "PrincipalTitle",
                "lang": "en"
            }
        ],
        "identifiers": [
            {
                "type": "DOI",
                "value": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137"
            }
        ],
        "agents": [
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "JP.C. Mbagwu"
                },
                "sequence": "first",
                "affiliations": [
                    {
                        "name": "Department of Physics, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria)"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "role": "author",
                "name": {
                    "given": "",
                    "family": "Dike K. S"
                },
                "sequence": "additional",
                "identifiers": [
                    {
                        "type": "ORCID",
                        "value": "0000-0002-1723-2436",
                        "verified": false
                    }
                ],
                "affiliations": [
                    {
                        "name": "Department of Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria)"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "role": "publisher",
                "name": {
                    "org": "Longman Publishers"
                }
            }
        ],
        "dates": {
            "published": "2020-05-13",
            "date_type": "PublicationDate",
            "online": "2020-05-13"
        },
        "language": "en",
        "container": {
            "type": "Journal",
            "titles": [
                {
                    "value": "Journal of Science & Technology",
                    "type": "PrincipalTitle"
                }
            ],
            "identifiers": [
                {
                    "type": "ISSN",
                    "value": "2456-5660",
                    "medium": "electronic"
                }
            ],
            "volume": "5",
            "issue": "3",
            "pages": {
                "first": "125",
                "last": "137"
            }
        },
        "links": [
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/405",
                "return_type": "text/html",
                "primary": true
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/405/358",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/pdf"
            },
            {
                "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/405/3173",
                "purpose": "text-mining",
                "return_type": "application/xml"
            }
        ],
        "abstract": {
            "value": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, China, and spread around the world. We have understudied the epidemiological and geographical pattern of distribution of COVID-19 in five different continents of global spread. An online sample of distribution was successfully recruited from America, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and Europe. The epidemiological curve and pattern of geographical distribution as of 9th and 10th April 2020 were also reviewed and results show that European countries like France, Spain, Italy, the UK and the United States of America indicate an epidemic progression relative to the same curve detected in China in January and February 2020. European countries record more cases since the outbreak of the resulted deadly COVID-19, followed by Asia and America. We call for a vital need for countries to develop effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak globally.",
            "lang": "en"
        },
        "license": {
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
            "start": "2020-05-13",
            "applies_to": "vor"
        },
        "references": [
            {
                "key": "ref1",
                "unstructured": "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it\". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref2",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009",
                "unstructured": "Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. (February 2020). \"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China\". Int J Infect Dis. 91: 264–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref3",
                "unstructured": "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\". World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref4",
                "unstructured": "Symptoms of Coronavirus\". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref5",
                "unstructured": "Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)\". World Health Organization (WHO). Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref6",
                "unstructured": "Hopkins, Claire. \"Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection\". Ear, Nose and Throat surgery body of United Kingdom. Retrieved 28 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref7",
                "doi": "10.1111/tmi.13383",
                "unstructured": "Velavan, T. P.; Meyer, C. G. (March 2020). \"The COVID-19 epidemic\". Tropical Medicine & International Health. n/a (n/a): 278–80. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383. PMID 32052514"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref8",
                "unstructured": "Q&A on coronaviruses\". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref9",
                "doi": "10.7717/peerj-cs.1228/table-3",
                "unstructured": "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Scie nce and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)\". ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins CSSE. Retrieved 9 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref10",
                "unstructured": "Coronavirus Update (Live): 1,001,069 Cases and 51,378 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Outbreak—Worldometer\". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref11",
                "unstructured": "Q&A on coronaviruses\". World Health Organization. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref12",
                "unstructured": "How COVID-19 Spreads\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref13",
                "unstructured": "Q & A on COVID-19\". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref14",
                "unstructured": "Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations \". World Health Organization. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020. According to current evidence, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref15",
                "unstructured": "Organization (WHO), World Health (28 March 2020). \"FACT: #COVID19 is NOT airborne. The #coronavirus is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks to protect yourself: -keep 1m distance from others-disinfect surfaces frequently-wash/rub your-avoid touching your pic.twitter.com/fpkcpHAJx7\". @WHO. Retrieved 3 April 2020. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air. They quickly fall on floors or surfaces"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref16",
                "unstructured": "New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces\". National Institutes of Health. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020’’"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref17",
                "unstructured": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report—73\" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref18",
                "unstructured": "Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.’’"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref19",
                "doi": "10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6",
                "unstructured": "Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. (February 2020). \"A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)\". Military Medical Re search. 7 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40779- 020-0233-6. PMC 7003341. PMID 32029004"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref20",
                "unstructured": "CT provides best diagnosis for COVID-19\". ScienceDaily. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref21",
                "unstructured": "Advice for public\". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref22",
                "unstructured": "Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK\". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref23",
                "unstructured": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5 April 2020). \"What to Do if You Are Sick\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref24",
                "unstructured": "How to Protect Yourself & Others\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref25",
                "doi": "10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30134-x",
                "unstructured": "Feng, Shuo; Shen, Chen; Xia, Nan; Song, Wei; Fan, Mengzhen; Cowling, Benj amin J. (20 March 2020). \"Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic\". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 0. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X. ISSN 2213- 2600. PMC 7118603. PMID 32203710When and how to use masks\". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref26",
                "unstructured": "Tait, Robert (30 March 2020). \"Czechs get to work making masks after government decree\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261- 3077. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref27",
                "doi": "10.4178/epih.e2020013",
                "unstructured": "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regardi ng the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)\". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020. COVID-19 Epidemic and Pattern of Global Distribution Published by: Longman Publishers 137 | Page"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref28",
                "unstructured": "Mahtani, S.; Berger, M.; O'Grady, S.; Iati, M. (6 February 2020). \"Hundreds of evacuees to be held on bases in California; Hong Kong and Taiwan restrict travel from mainland China\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref29",
                "unstructured": "\"WHO Situation Report 65\" (PDF). WHO. 25 March 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref30",
                "unstructured": "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK–sixth update 2020 [cited 20 March 2020]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref31",
                "doi": "10.1056/nejmc2001468",
                "unstructured": "Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al. Transmission of 2019nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref32",
                "doi": "10.1056/nejmc2001737",
                "unstructured": "Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref33",
                "unstructured": "World Health Organization. Situation reports. Available at: https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ situationreports/. Accessed 22 Feb 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref34",
                "doi": "10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022",
                "unstructured": "Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on i nanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020 Feb 6. pii: S0195–6701(20)30046–3"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref35",
                "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30360-3",
                "unstructured": "ChenH,GuoJ,WangC,et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnantwomen:aretrospectivereviewofmedicalrecords.Lancet. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref36",
                "doi": "10.1007/s15010-020-01401-y",
                "unstructured": "Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection.2020:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-02001401y"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref37",
                "unstructured": "Coronavirus Outbreak. Available at: https://www.worldometers. info /coronavirus/. Accessed 23 Feb 2020"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref38",
                "doi": "10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81",
                "unstructured": "De Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Micro bial. 2016; 14:523-534"
            },
            {
                "key": "ref39",
                "doi": "10.1001/jama.2020.1585",
                "unstructured": "Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. Published online on 07 Feb, 2020. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 World Health Organization, 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for t he public. Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies /diseases/novel coronavirus-2019/advicefor-public/when-and-how-to-use-mask"
            }
        ],
        "record": {
            "registrant": "Longman Publishers",
            "registered": "2020-05-13",
            "updated": "2026-09-21",
            "issue_number": 1,
            "source": "crossref-api",
            "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)"
        }
    },
    "record_sha256": "b24bd1871005000d2e577a483a99f04e1d24c4e9fa4b395422a8d2ebc41ce7ff",
    "handle": {
        "synced_at": "2026-10-01 18:12:18",
        "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/405"
    },
    "links": {
        "record_page": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/record.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
        "system_metadata": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137&as=system",
        "history": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/api.php?action=history&doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137",
        "kernel_xml": "https://registry.smartscholars.in/resolve.php?doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2020.v5.i3.pp125-137&as=xml"
    }
}