Cite this DOI

Samuel N. John, Sunday Daguom, Joshua S. Mommoh, Etinosa Noma-Osaghe, Hayatu Idris Bulama, & Alheri Longji Dakwat (2025). Design of a Lora-Based IoT Network using Enhance Clustering Protocols. *Journal of Science & Technology*, *10*(4), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57

@article{samuelnjohn2025design,
  author    = {Samuel N. John and Sunday Daguom and Joshua S. Mommoh and Etinosa Noma-Osaghe and Hayatu Idris Bulama and Alheri Longji Dakwat},
  title     = {{Design of a Lora-Based IoT Network using Enhance Clustering Protocols.}},
  journal   = {Journal of Science \& Technology},
  year      = {2025},
  month     = {apr},
  volume    = {10},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {45--57},
  publisher = {Longman Publishers},
  issn      = {2456-5660},
  doi       = {10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57},
  language  = {en},
  abstract  = {LoRa is an IoT (Internet of Things) enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rateapplications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM bandand falls into the category of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) technologies. Currently, LoRa WANnetworks face challenges related to Collision rates, packet delivery, and efficient management of static andmobile nodes. Existing methods based on ALOHA have limitations that hinder the effectiveness inaccommodating the diverse requirements of Lora networks. In this study, A LoRa IOT network with bothstatic and mobile nodes is modelled in MATLAB Environment. Static-Based Time Slot (SBTS) and Energy-Aware Dynamic User Clustering (EADUC) clustering approaches are implemented for Clustering andimplemented using ALOHA and TDMA medium Access mechanisms. The implementation assesses how theseprotocols impact key network metrics like Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) andCollision rate (CR). Result from the analysis underscores the clear performance superiority of the SBTS-TDMAprotocol in LoRa networks. SBTS-TDMA achieved the highest Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at 10.97 dB,significantly outperforming EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, which enhances interferencemanagement. It also excelled in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), reaching 78.84\%, demonstrating greaterreliability in data transmission than other protocols. Additionally, with a Collision Rate of just 0.00045, SBTS-TDMA outperformed EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, reinforcing its efficiency andreliability for data integrity in LoRa networks.}
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Design of a Lora-Based IoT Network using Enhance Clustering Protocols.
AU  - Samuel N. John
AU  - Sunday Daguom
AU  - Joshua S. Mommoh
AU  - Etinosa Noma-Osaghe
AU  - Hayatu Idris Bulama
AU  - Alheri Longji Dakwat
JO  - Journal of Science & Technology
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/04/29/
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
SP  - 45
EP  - 57
PB  - Longman Publishers
SN  - 2456-5660
LA  - en
AB  - LoRa is an IoT (Internet of Things) enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rateapplications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM bandand falls into the category of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) technologies. Currently, LoRa WANnetworks face challenges related to Collision rates, packet delivery, and efficient management of static andmobile nodes. Existing methods based on ALOHA have limitations that hinder the effectiveness inaccommodating the diverse requirements of Lora networks. In this study, A LoRa IOT network with bothstatic and mobile nodes is modelled in MATLAB Environment. Static-Based Time Slot (SBTS) and Energy-Aware Dynamic User Clustering (EADUC) clustering approaches are implemented for Clustering andimplemented using ALOHA and TDMA medium Access mechanisms. The implementation assesses how theseprotocols impact key network metrics like Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) andCollision rate (CR). Result from the analysis underscores the clear performance superiority of the SBTS-TDMAprotocol in LoRa networks. SBTS-TDMA achieved the highest Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at 10.97 dB,significantly outperforming EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, which enhances interferencemanagement. It also excelled in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), reaching 78.84%, demonstrating greaterreliability in data transmission than other protocols. Additionally, with a Collision Rate of just 0.00045, SBTS-TDMA outperformed EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, reinforcing its efficiency andreliability for data integrity in LoRa networks.
DO  - 10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57
UR  - https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57
ER  -

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    "URL": "https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57",
    "title": "Design of a Lora-Based IoT Network using Enhance Clustering Protocols.",
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    "author": [
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            "family": "Samuel N. John",
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            "family": "Sunday Daguom"
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            "family": "Joshua S. Mommoh"
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        {
            "family": "Etinosa Noma-Osaghe"
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            "family": "Hayatu Idris Bulama"
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    "language": "en",
    "abstract": "LoRa is an IoT (Internet of Things) enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rateapplications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM bandand falls into the category of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) technologies. Currently, LoRa WANnetworks face challenges related to Collision rates, packet delivery, and efficient management of static andmobile nodes. Existing methods based on ALOHA have limitations that hinder the effectiveness inaccommodating the diverse requirements of Lora networks. In this study, A LoRa IOT network with bothstatic and mobile nodes is modelled in MATLAB Environment. Static-Based Time Slot (SBTS) and Energy-Aware Dynamic User Clustering (EADUC) clustering approaches are implemented for Clustering andimplemented using ALOHA and TDMA medium Access mechanisms. The implementation assesses how theseprotocols impact key network metrics like Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) andCollision rate (CR). Result from the analysis underscores the clear performance superiority of the SBTS-TDMAprotocol in LoRa networks. SBTS-TDMA achieved the highest Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at 10.97 dB,significantly outperforming EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, which enhances interferencemanagement. It also excelled in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), reaching 78.84%, demonstrating greaterreliability in data transmission than other protocols. Additionally, with a Collision Rate of just 0.00045, SBTS-TDMA outperformed EADUC-TDMA, EADUC-ALOHA, and SBTS-ALOHA, reinforcing its efficiency andreliability for data integrity in LoRa networks.",
    "ISSN": "2456-5660"
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From the record as registered (version 2) — the record and its history. Programs: https://registry.smartscholars.in/api.php?action=cite&doi=10.46243%2Fjst.2025.v10.i04.pp45-57 gives all four in one JSON answer.