{ "ok": true, "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52", "events": [ { "seq": 1, "kind": "register", "at": "2026-09-29 22:00:32", "by": "Administrator (admin)", "by_kind": "user", "note": "registered at Crossref; record read from api.crossref.org", "changes": [ { "path": "abstract.lang", "from": null, "to": "en" }, { "path": "abstract.value", "from": null, "to": "Microscopes drove theories by providing the tool needed to make advances in many fields of science. Observations through the microscope primarily determined what early scientists thought and advanced science to a great extend as we know it today across many fields of science, becoming a dominating technique. What is captured here are some of the major milestones on the path of the birth of microscopy. The following is covered: The beginning of the light microscope, Early Stereo Microscope development, TheUltra Microscope, Differential interference contrast (DIC). Inverted light Microscope, The Fluorescence microscope, Confocal Microscopy, Confocal Scanning Light Microscope (or ‘CSLM’), Transmission Electron microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). With more older manuscripts becoming available digitally, this overview fills in many gaps that exist in some of the previous work, covering a wider history in microscopy. It is also the single most recognised technique, which in its development and application, has produced more Nobel prize laureates than any other technique. Quite a few laurates are born and imbedded in the history of microscopy, some are covered here." }, { "path": "agents.0.name.family", "from": null, "to": "Stephanus H Coetzee" }, { "path": "agents.0.name.given", "from": null, "to": "" }, { "path": "agents.0.role", "from": null, "to": "author" }, { "path": "agents.0.sequence", "from": null, "to": "first" }, { "path": "agents.1.name.org", "from": null, "to": "Longman Publishers" }, { "path": "agents.1.role", "from": null, "to": "publisher" }, { "path": "characters.0", "from": null, "to": "Language" }, { "path": "container.identifiers.0.medium", "from": null, "to": "electronic" }, { "path": "container.identifiers.0.type", "from": null, "to": "ISSN" }, { "path": "container.identifiers.0.value", "from": null, "to": "2456-5660" }, { "path": "container.issue", "from": null, "to": "08" }, { "path": "container.pages.first", "from": null, "to": "16" }, { "path": "container.pages.last", "from": null, "to": "52" }, { "path": "container.titles.0.type", "from": null, "to": "PrincipalTitle" }, { "path": "container.titles.0.value", "from": null, "to": "Journal of Science & Technology" }, { "path": "container.type", "from": null, "to": "Journal" }, { "path": "container.volume", "from": null, "to": "10" }, { "path": "dates.date_type", "from": null, "to": "PublicationDate" }, { "path": "dates.online", "from": null, "to": "2025-09-01" }, { "path": "dates.published", "from": null, "to": "2025-09-01" }, { "path": "doi", "from": null, "to": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52" }, { "path": "format", "from": null, "to": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0" }, { "path": "identifiers.0.type", "from": null, "to": "DOI" }, { "path": "identifiers.0.value", "from": null, "to": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52" }, { "path": "language", "from": null, "to": "en" }, { "path": "license.applies_to", "from": null, "to": "vor" }, { "path": "license.start", "from": null, "to": "2025-09-01" }, { "path": "license.url", "from": null, "to": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, { "path": "links.0.primary", "from": null, "to": true }, { "path": "links.0.return_type", "from": null, "to": "text/html" }, { "path": "links.0.url", "from": null, "to": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364" }, { "path": "links.1.purpose", "from": null, "to": "text-mining" }, { "path": "links.1.return_type", "from": null, "to": "application/pdf" }, { "path": "links.1.url", "from": null, "to": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1015" }, { "path": "links.2.purpose", "from": null, "to": "text-mining" }, { "path": "links.2.return_type", "from": null, "to": "application/xml" }, { "path": "links.2.url", "from": null, "to": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1211" }, { "path": "links.3.purpose", "from": null, "to": "similarity-checking" }, { "path": "links.3.url", "from": null, "to": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364/1015" }, { "path": "modes.0", "from": null, "to": "Visual" }, { "path": "record.issue_number", "from": null, "to": 1 }, { "path": "record.registered", "from": null, "to": "2026-08-27" }, { "path": "record.registrant", "from": null, "to": "Longman Publishers" }, { "path": "record.source", "from": null, "to": "crossref-api" }, { "path": "record.source_agency", "from": null, "to": "Crossref (member 25296)" }, { "path": "record.updated", "from": null, "to": "2026-09-20" }, { "path": "references.0.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1201/9781315366708" }, { "path": "references.0.key", "from": null, "to": "ref1" }, { "path": "references.0.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "De Villiers, G., & Pike, E. R. (2016). “The limits of resolution”. CRC Press. ISBN: 9781498758123" }, { "path": "references.1.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/0039-6257(86)90064-0" }, { "path": "references.1.key", "from": null, "to": "ref2" }, { "path": "references.1.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Rubin, M. L. (1986). “Spectacles: Past, present, and future”. Survey of Ophthalmology, 30 (5), 321-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039- 6257(86)90064-0" }, { "path": "references.10.key", "from": null, "to": "ref11" }, { "path": "references.10.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Borel, P. (1656). “Observationum microscopicarum centuria”. Regis Chrisftianiffimi Medic Ordinareo. (in Spanish). https://www.europeana.eu/item/109/ https hispana_mcu_es_lod_oai_bvpb_mcu_ es_406798_ent0" }, { "path": "references.100.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1080/14786449708621070" }, { "path": "references.100.key", "from": null, "to": "ref101" }, { "path": "references.100.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Thomson, J. J. (1897). “Cathode Rays”. Philosophical Magazine, 44(269), 293-316" }, { "path": "references.101.key", "from": null, "to": "ref102" }, { "path": "references.101.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Thomson, J. J. (1906). “In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”. NobelPrize.org. https://www. nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1906/ summary" }, { "path": "references.102.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/anie.200602651" }, { "path": "references.102.key", "from": null, "to": "ref103" }, { "path": "references.102.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Thomas, J. M. (2006). “J. J. Thomson: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics 1906”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45 (41), 6797-6800" }, { "path": "references.103.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1080/14786441308634955" }, { "path": "references.103.key", "from": null, "to": "ref104" }, { "path": "references.103.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Bohr, N. (1913). “On the constitution of atoms and molecules”. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 26, 1-25" }, { "path": "references.104.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1080/14786442408634378" }, { "path": "references.104.key", "from": null, "to": "ref105" }, { "path": "references.104.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "de Broglie, L. (1924). XXXV. “A tentative theory of light quanta”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 47(278), 446-458. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786442408634378" }, { "path": "references.105.key", "from": null, "to": "ref106" }, { "path": "references.105.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "de Broglie, L. V. (1929). “For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”. NobelPrize. org. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/ physics/1929/summary" }, { "path": "references.106.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/119558a0" }, { "path": "references.106.key", "from": null, "to": "ref107" }, { "path": "references.106.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel”. Nature, 119(2998), 558. https://doi. org/10.1038/119558a0 S2CID: 4104602" }, { "path": "references.107.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1103/physrev.30.705" }, { "path": "references.107.key", "from": null, "to": "ref108" }, { "path": "references.107.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel”. Physical Review, 30(6), 705-740. https://doi. org/10.1103/PhysRev.30.705 ISSN: 0031- 899X" }, { "path": "references.108.key", "from": null, "to": "ref109" }, { "path": "references.108.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Davisson, C. J., & Thomson, G. P. (1937). “For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/ summary" }, { "path": "references.109.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/andp.19263862507" }, { "path": "references.109.key", "from": null, "to": "ref110" }, { "path": "references.109.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Busch, H. (1926). “Berechnung der Bahn von Kathodenstrahlen im axialsymmetrischen elektromagnetischen Felde”. Annalen der Physik, 386(25), 974-993. https://doi. org/10.1002/andp.19263862507" }, { "path": "references.11.key", "from": null, "to": "ref12" }, { "path": "references.11.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gillen, A., & Oliver, D. (2012). “Antony van leeuwenhoek: Creation magnified through his magnificent microscopes”. Faculty Publications and Presentations. https:// digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_ pubs/137" }, { "path": "references.110.key", "from": null, "to": "ref111" }, { "path": "references.110.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "De Broglie, L. (1923). “Onde et quanta”. Compte Rendus, 177, 507-510" }, { "path": "references.111.key", "from": null, "to": "ref112" }, { "path": "references.111.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Kracklauer, A. F. (1974). “On the Imaginable content of De Broglie waves”. Scientia (Milano), 109, 111-120" }, { "path": "references.112.key", "from": null, "to": "ref113" }, { "path": "references.112.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gabor, D. (1971). “For his invention and development of the holographic method”. NobelPrize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/ prizes/physics/1971/summary" }, { "path": "references.113.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01243399" }, { "path": "references.113.key", "from": null, "to": "ref114" }, { "path": "references.113.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ruska, H., von Borries, B., & Ruska, E. (1940). “Die Bedeutung der Übermikroskopie für die Virusforschung”. Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 1, 155-169" }, { "path": "references.114.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1103/revmodphys.59.627" }, { "path": "references.114.key", "from": null, "to": "ref115" }, { "path": "references.114.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ruska, E. (1987). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. Reviews of Modern Physics, 59, 627. https://doi.org/10.1103/ RevModPhys.59.627" }, { "path": "references.115.key", "from": null, "to": "ref116" }, { "path": "references.115.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ruska, E. (1986). “For his development of the electron microscope”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/ summary/" }, { "path": "references.116.key", "from": null, "to": "ref117" }, { "path": "references.116.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Knoll, M. (1929). “Vorrichtung zur Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY Konzentrierung des Elektronenstrahls eines Kathoden-strahloszillographen”. German Patent No. 690809. Granted on 11 April 1940" }, { "path": "references.117.key", "from": null, "to": "ref118" }, { "path": "references.117.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ruska, E., & Knoll, M. (1931). “Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389-400" }, { "path": "references.118.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01342199" }, { "path": "references.118.key", "from": null, "to": "ref119" }, { "path": "references.118.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Knoll, M., & Ruska, E. (1932). “Das Elektronenmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 78, 318-339" }, { "path": "references.119.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/b978-0-12-800146-2.00001-1" }, { "path": "references.119.key", "from": null, "to": "ref120" }, { "path": "references.119.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gelderblom, H. R., & Kruger, D. H. (2014). “Helmut Ruska (1908-1973): His Role in the Evolution of Electron Microscopy in the Life Sciences, and Especially Virology”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 182, 1-94. ISSN: 1076-5670 ISBN: 9780128001462" }, { "path": "references.12.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1093/jhmas/xvi.1.18" }, { "path": "references.12.key", "from": null, "to": "ref13" }, { "path": "references.12.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Bedini, S. A. (1961). “The optical workshop equipment of giuseppe campani”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 16 (1), 18-38. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/24620835" }, { "path": "references.120.key", "from": null, "to": "ref121" }, { "path": "references.120.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Frank, J. (2019). “The Electron Microscope-from a sketch in 1931 to reality”. Frank Lab News" }, { "path": "references.121.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/s1076-5670(08)70041-7" }, { "path": "references.121.key", "from": null, "to": "ref122" }, { "path": "references.121.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Schimmel, G. (1996). “The History of the German Society for Electron Microscopy”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 96, 149-170. ISBN: 9780120147380" }, { "path": "references.122.key", "from": null, "to": "ref123" }, { "path": "references.122.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ruska, E. (1988). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. EMSA Bulletin, 18 (2), 53-61" }, { "path": "references.123.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/s1076-5670(01)80098-7" }, { "path": "references.123.key", "from": null, "to": "ref124" }, { "path": "references.123.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Hawkes, P. (2001). “A souvenir of Philips electron microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 115, 355-361. ISBN: 9780120147571 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(01)80098-7" }, { "path": "references.124.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-4-431-54448-7_2" }, { "path": "references.124.key", "from": null, "to": "ref125" }, { "path": "references.124.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Yoshimura, N. (2014). “History of JEOL Electron Microscopes”. In Historical Evolution Toward Achieving Ultrahigh Vacuum in JEOL Electron Microscopes (pp. 11-23)" }, { "path": "references.125.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/ar.1091170403" }, { "path": "references.125.key", "from": null, "to": "ref126" }, { "path": "references.125.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Porter, K. R., & Blum, J. (1953). “A Study in Microtomey for Electron Microscopy”. Anatomical Record, 117, 685-710. https:// doi.org/10" }, { "path": "references.126.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1084/jem.95.3.285" }, { "path": "references.126.key", "from": null, "to": "ref127" }, { "path": "references.126.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Pade, G. E. (1952). “A study of fixation for electron microscopy”. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 95(3), 285-298. PMID: 14927794; PMCID: PMC2212069" }, { "path": "references.127.key", "from": null, "to": "ref128" }, { "path": "references.127.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Claude, A., de Duve, C., & Palade, G. E. (1974). “For their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”. NobelPrize.org" }, { "path": "references.128.key", "from": null, "to": "ref129" }, { "path": "references.128.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Stintzing H. (19290 Verfahren und Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweiss, Messung und Zählung von Einzellteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse. German patent No 485155 (1929a)" }, { "path": "references.129.key", "from": null, "to": "ref130" }, { "path": "references.129.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Stintzing, H. (1929). “Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweis, Messung und Zählung von Einzelteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse nach Patent 485155, insbesondere zur Erzeugung sehr enger Strahlenbündel”. German Patent No. 485156" }, { "path": "references.13.key", "from": null, "to": "ref14" }, { "path": "references.13.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Hooke, R. (1964). “Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses”. London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, (first edition)" }, { "path": "references.130.key", "from": null, "to": "ref131" }, { "path": "references.130.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Knoll, M. (1935). “Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 467-475" }, { "path": "references.131.key", "from": null, "to": "ref132" }, { "path": "references.131.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "von Ardenne, M. (1937). “Improvements in electron microscopes”. British Patent No. 511204. Convention date (Germany) 18 Feb 1937" }, { "path": "references.132.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01341584" }, { "path": "references.132.key", "from": null, "to": "ref133" }, { "path": "references.132.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop. Theoretische Grundlagen”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 109, 553-572" }, { "path": "references.133.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01341584" }, { "path": "references.133.key", "from": null, "to": "ref134" }, { "path": "references.133.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop Praktische Ausführung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 19, 407-416" }, { "path": "references.134.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/scientificamerican0942-111" }, { "path": "references.134.key", "from": null, "to": "ref135" }, { "path": "references.134.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zworykin, V. K. (1942). “New Scanning Electron Microscope revealed to Engineers”. Radio-Craft, Special Radio War number, September. Ed. Gernsback H. Radcraft Publications, Inc" }, { "path": "references.135.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1063/1.331666" }, { "path": "references.135.key", "from": null, "to": "ref136" }, { "path": "references.135.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Oatley, C. W. (1982). “The early history of the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Applied Physics, 53 (2)" }, { "path": "references.136.key", "from": null, "to": "ref137" }, { "path": "references.136.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Baxter A.S., (1949) “Detection and analysis of low energy disintegration particles”. PhD Diss., Cambridge U" }, { "path": "references.137.key", "from": null, "to": "ref138" }, { "path": "references.137.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "McMullan, D. (1952). “Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes” [Doctoral dissertation]. Cambridge University" }, { "path": "references.138.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/j.phpro.2008.07.073" }, { "path": "references.138.key", "from": null, "to": "ref139" }, { "path": "references.138.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Smith, K. C. A., Wells, O. C., & McMullan, D. (2008). “The fiftieth anniversary of the first applications of the scanning electron microscope in materials research”. Physics Procedia, 3-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. phpro.2008.07.073" }, { "path": "references.139.key", "from": null, "to": "ref140" }, { "path": "references.139.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "McMullan, D. (1953). “An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens”. Proc. Inst. Electr. Engrs. 100, Part II, 245–259. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "path": "references.14.key", "from": null, "to": "ref15" }, { "path": "references.14.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gest, H. (2004). The discovery of microorganisms revisited. ASM News, 70 (6), 269-274" }, { "path": "references.140.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1" }, { "path": "references.140.key", "from": null, "to": "ref141" }, { "path": "references.140.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "McMullan, D. (2008). “The Early Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope”. In Biological Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1" }, { "path": "references.141.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61010-0" }, { "path": "references.141.key", "from": null, "to": "ref142" }, { "path": "references.141.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Oatley, C. W., Nixon W. C., & Pease R. F. W. (1965). “Scanning electron microscopy”. Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 21, 181–247" }, { "path": "references.142.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1088/0950-7671/37/7/307" }, { "path": "references.142.key", "from": null, "to": "ref143" }, { "path": "references.142.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Everhart T. E. & R Thornley F. M. (1960) “Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents “ J. Sci. Instrum. 37 246" }, { "path": "references.143.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-1-4615-0215-9" }, { "path": "references.143.key", "from": null, "to": "ref144" }, { "path": "references.143.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Goldstein, J., Newbury, D.E., Joy, D.C., et al. (2003) “Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis”. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 550" }, { "path": "references.144.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/s1076-5670(09)59004-0" }, { "path": "references.144.key", "from": null, "to": "ref145" }, { "path": "references.144.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Inada, H., Kakibayashi, H., Isakozawa, S., Hashimoto, T., Yaguchi, T., & Nakamura, K. (2009). “Hitachi’s Development of Cold-Field Emission Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 159, 123-186. ISBN: 9780123749864 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(09)59004-0" }, { "path": "references.145.key", "from": null, "to": "ref146" }, { "path": "references.145.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Castaing, R. (1951). “Application of electron probes to local chemical and crystallographic analysis” [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Paris" }, { "path": "references.146.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/1771172b0" }, { "path": "references.146.key", "from": null, "to": "ref147" }, { "path": "references.146.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Cosslett, V. E., & Duncumb, P. (1956). “Microanalysis by a flying-spot X-ray method”. Nature, 177, 1172-1173" }, { "path": "references.147.key", "from": null, "to": "ref148" }, { "path": "references.147.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Duncumb, P., & Cosslett, V. E. (1957). “A scanning microscope for X-ray emission pictures”. In X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography. 374-380. Academic Press" }, { "path": "references.148.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1017/s1431927617005761" }, { "path": "references.148.key", "from": null, "to": "ref149" }, { "path": "references.148.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Camus, P., & Nylese, T. (2017). “More Than 50 Years of Influence On Microanalysis”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 23(S1), 1020-1021. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1431927617005761" }, { "path": "references.149.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1126/science.159.3814.528" }, { "path": "references.149.key", "from": null, "to": "ref150" }, { "path": "references.149.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Fitzgerald, R., Keil, K., & Heinrich, K. F. (1968). “Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe x-ray analysis”. Science, 159 (3814), 528-530. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.159.3814.528" }, { "path": "references.15.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.7788/boehlau.9783412323875" }, { "path": "references.15.key", "from": null, "to": "ref16" }, { "path": "references.15.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Hellmuth, E., & Wolfgang, M. (2004). “Carl Zeiss in Jena, 1945-1990”. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN: 9783412111960" }, { "path": "references.150.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1017/s1431927606060211" }, { "path": "references.150.key", "from": null, "to": "ref151" }, { "path": "references.150.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Friel, J. J., & Lyman, C. E. (2006). “X-ray mapping in electron-beam instruments”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 12 (1), 2-25" }, { "path": "references.151.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/0047-7206(82)90006-1" }, { "path": "references.151.key", "from": null, "to": "ref152" }, { "path": "references.151.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D., & Postle, R. (1982). “The environmental scanning microscope and its applications”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1, 1-16" }, { "path": "references.152.key", "from": null, "to": "ref153" }, { "path": "references.152.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Pfefferkorn, G. E., Gruter, H., & Pfatusch, M. (1972). “Observations on the prevention of specimen charging”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 147-152" }, { "path": "references.153.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1975.tb04538.x" }, { "path": "references.153.key", "from": null, "to": "ref154" }, { "path": "references.153.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “Wet stage modification to a scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Microscopy, 103, 71-" }, { "path": "references.154.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1088/0022-3735/8/8/009" }, { "path": "references.154.key", "from": null, "to": "ref155" }, { "path": "references.154.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “The elimination of charging artifacts in the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Physics E, 8, 638-640" }, { "path": "references.155.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/sca.4950020202" }, { "path": "references.155.key", "from": null, "to": "ref156" }, { "path": "references.155.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D., & Robinson, V. N. E. (1979). “Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy at High Specimen Chamber Pressures”. Scanning, 2, 72-82" }, { "path": "references.156.key", "from": null, "to": "ref157" }, { "path": "references.156.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “Gaseous detector device for an environmental electron probe microanalyzer”. *Research Disclosure No. 23311*, 284" }, { "path": "references.157.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/0047-7206(83)90002-x" }, { "path": "references.157.key", "from": null, "to": "ref158" }, { "path": "references.157.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “A gaseous detector device for an environmental SEM”. Micron and Microscopica Acta, 14, 307-319" }, { "path": "references.158.key", "from": null, "to": "ref159" }, { "path": "references.158.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D. (1986). “Method and Apparatus for an Atmospheric Scanning electron Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 4,596,928" }, { "path": "references.159.key", "from": null, "to": "ref160" }, { "path": "references.159.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, G. D. (1989). “Multipurpose gaseous detector device for electron microscope “. U.S. Patent No. 4,992,662" }, { "path": "references.16.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.3171/2009.6.focus09120" }, { "path": "references.16.key", "from": null, "to": "ref17" }, { "path": "references.16.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Uluç, K., Kujoth, G. C., & Başkaya, M. K. (2009). “Operating microscopes: Past, present, and future”. Neurosurgical Focus, 27(3), E4" }, { "path": "references.160.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/jemt.1070250503" }, { "path": "references.160.key", "from": null, "to": "ref161" }, { "path": "references.160.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Danilatos, X. G. D. (1993). “Introduction to the ESEM instrument”. Microscopy Research and Technique, 25, 354-361" }, { "path": "references.161.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008" }, { "path": "references.161.key", "from": null, "to": "ref162" }, { "path": "references.161.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Bogner, A., Jouneau, P. H., Thollet, G., Basset, D., & Gauthier, C. (2007). “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging”. Micron, 38, 390-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. micron.2006.06.008" }, { "path": "references.17.key", "from": null, "to": "ref18" }, { "path": "references.17.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Henker, O. (1928). “Objective-revolving nose piece for microscopes”. U.S. Patent No. 1,674,041" }, { "path": "references.18.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1017/s0025727300037716" }, { "path": "references.18.key", "from": null, "to": "ref19" }, { "path": "references.18.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Bracegirdle, B. (1977). “J. J. Lister and the establishment of histology”. Medical History, 21 (2), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0025727300037716" }, { "path": "references.19.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.2307/3221838" }, { "path": "references.19.key", "from": null, "to": "ref20" }, { "path": "references.19.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gage, S. H. (1920). “Modern dark-field microscopy and the history of its development”. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 39(2), 95-141. Figure32. The first commercial ESEM was exhibited in New Orleans by ElectroScan Corporation Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "path": "references.2.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1177/003591577106401024" }, { "path": "references.2.key", "from": null, "to": "ref3" }, { "path": "references.2.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Cashell, G. T. W. (1971). “A Short History of Spectacles”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 64 (10), 1063-1064. https://doi. org/10.1177/003591577106401024" }, { "path": "references.20.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-981-16-9569-8_1" }, { "path": "references.20.key", "from": null, "to": "ref21" }, { "path": "references.20.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ortiz Ortega, E., Hosseinian, H., Rosales López, M. J., Rodríguez Vera, A., & Hosseini, S. (2022). “Characterization Techniques for Morphology Analysis”. In Material Characterization Techniques and Applications (pp. 1-45). Springer Singapore" }, { "path": "references.21.key", "from": null, "to": "ref22" }, { "path": "references.21.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Humphrey, A. T. (1992). “Lord Rayleigh-the last of the great Victorian polymaths”. GEC Review, 7 (3), 167-179" }, { "path": "references.22.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1080/14786443408648474" }, { "path": "references.22.key", "from": null, "to": "ref23" }, { "path": "references.22.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Talbot, W. H. F. (1834). “XLIV. Experiments on light”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5(29), 321-334. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786443408648474" }, { "path": "references.23.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf02956173" }, { "path": "references.23.key", "from": null, "to": "ref24" }, { "path": "references.23.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Abbe, E. (1873). “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung”. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie, 9(1), 413-468. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02956173" }, { "path": "references.24.key", "from": null, "to": "ref25" }, { "path": "references.24.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "von Fraunhofer, J. (1814). “Denkschriften der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu München”. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 193-226" }, { "path": "references.25.key", "from": null, "to": "ref26" }, { "path": "references.25.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zeiss, C. (1889). “Optiche Werkstätte” (Vol. 28). Fromannsche Buehdruckerei (Herman Pohle)" }, { "path": "references.26.key", "from": null, "to": "ref27" }, { "path": "references.26.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Riesenberg, H. (1988). “Handbuch der Mikroskopie”. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 24–107" }, { "path": "references.27.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1117/12.131980" }, { "path": "references.27.key", "from": null, "to": "ref28" }, { "path": "references.27.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Broome,B. G. (1992) “Microscope objectives and their evolution to optical disk objectives”. Proc. SPIE 10263, Lens Design: A Critical Review, 102630H; https://doi. org/10.1117/12.131980" }, { "path": "references.28.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1515/aot-2019-0002" }, { "path": "references.28.key", "from": null, "to": "ref29" }, { "path": "references.28.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zhang, Y., & Gross, H. (2019). “Systematic design of microscope objectives. Part I: System review and analysis”. Advanced Optical Technologies, 8(5), 313-347. https://doi. org/10.1515/aot-2019-0002" }, { "path": "references.29.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x" }, { "path": "references.29.key", "from": null, "to": "ref30" }, { "path": "references.29.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zei Zeiss, C. (1878). “Description of Professor Abbe’s Apertometer, with Instructions for its Use”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1, 19-22. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x" }, { "path": "references.3.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.31826/9781463232405-024" }, { "path": "references.3.key", "from": null, "to": "ref4" }, { "path": "references.3.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Jaecks, D. (2010). “The Telescope, Its History, Technology, and Future”. In Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science (Volume 4) (pp. 175-178). Gorgias Press. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463232405-" }, { "path": "references.30.key", "from": null, "to": "ref31" }, { "path": "references.30.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Kepler, J. (1611). “Dioptrice seu demonstratio eorum quae visui & visibilibus propter Conspicilla ita pridem inventa accidunt”. Davidis Franci. Reprint in Latin Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-1104789428" }, { "path": "references.31.key", "from": null, "to": "ref32" }, { "path": "references.31.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Malet, A. (2010). “Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and geometrical optics, 1611-1669”. The Origins of the Telescope, 281-300" }, { "path": "references.32.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1068/p100123" }, { "path": "references.32.key", "from": null, "to": "ref33" }, { "path": "references.32.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gregory, R. L. (1981). “Beyond sense and reason”. Perception, 10 (2), 123-126. https:// doi.org/10.1068/p100123" }, { "path": "references.33.key", "from": null, "to": "ref34" }, { "path": "references.33.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Wenham, F. H. (1853). “On the Application Binocular vision to the Microscope”. Transactions of the Microscopy Society of London" }, { "path": "references.34.key", "from": null, "to": "ref35" }, { "path": "references.34.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Beck, R. (2014). “125 years of comparison microscopy-From the ‘camera lucida’ to the Automated Comparison Bridge”. Leica Science Lab" }, { "path": "references.35.key", "from": null, "to": "ref36" }, { "path": "references.35.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Carl Zeiss. (1902). “Optiche Werkstätte” (32nd ed.). B Vopelius, Jena" }, { "path": "references.36.key", "from": null, "to": "ref37" }, { "path": "references.36.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zsigmondy, R. (1909). “Colloids and the Ultramicroscope, a manual of Colloid Chemistry and Ultramicroscopy” (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chapman & Hall, London" }, { "path": "references.37.key", "from": null, "to": "ref38" }, { "path": "references.37.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zsigmondy, R. A. (1926). “Properties of Colloids-Nobel Lecture”. Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941. Elsevier Publishing Company" }, { "path": "references.38.key", "from": null, "to": "ref39" }, { "path": "references.38.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Nomarski, G. (1952). “Interferential polarizing device for study of phase object”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "path": "references.39.key", "from": null, "to": "ref40" }, { "path": "references.39.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Smith, F. H. (1952). “Interference Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "path": "references.4.key", "from": null, "to": "ref5" }, { "path": "references.4.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Disney, A. N. (1928). “Origin and development of the microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, 26" }, { "path": "references.40.key", "from": null, "to": "ref41" }, { "path": "references.40.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Smith, F. H. (1955). “Microscopic Interferometry”. Research (London), 8, 385-" }, { "path": "references.41.key", "from": null, "to": "ref42" }, { "path": "references.41.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Nomarski, G. (1960). “Interferential Polarizing Device for Study of Phase Objects”. U.S. Patent, Number 2,924,142. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, USA" }, { "path": "references.42.key", "from": null, "to": "ref43" }, { "path": "references.42.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Allen, R. D., David, G. B., & Nomarski, G. (1969). “The Zeiss-Nomarski Differential Interference Equipment for Transmitted Light Microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 69, 193-221" }, { "path": "references.43.key", "from": null, "to": "ref44" }, { "path": "references.43.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "2 Malus,E. L. (1809).“ Sur une propriété de la lumière réflécchie par les corps diaphanes.” Arcueil, Mém. De Phys. Ii. 142-58. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "path": "references.44.key", "from": null, "to": "ref45" }, { "path": "references.44.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Étienne-Louis Malus, (1811). “Théorie de la double réfraction,” Mémoires présentés à l’Institut par divers savants étrangers, II, 447" }, { "path": "references.45.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1923.tb01380.x" }, { "path": "references.45.key", "from": null, "to": "ref46" }, { "path": "references.45.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Cheshire, P. F. J. (1923). The President’s address: The early history of the polariscope, and the polarizing microscope. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 43(1), 1-18" }, { "path": "references.46.key", "from": null, "to": "ref47" }, { "path": "references.46.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Touret, J. (2012) “ Le microscope polarisant à l’assaut des montagnes.” Travaux du Comité français d’Histoire de la Géologie, 3ème série (tome 26, 4), pp.67-80. ⟨hal-01065569⟨" }, { "path": "references.47.key", "from": null, "to": "ref48" }, { "path": "references.47.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zernicke, F. (1953). “Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 454-457" }, { "path": "references.48.key", "from": null, "to": "ref49" }, { "path": "references.48.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Gundlach, H. (2003). “Frits Zernike and Phase Contrast Microscopy: Celebrating 50 Years of Live Cell Analysis”, Microscopy and Analysis, 5-10" }, { "path": "references.49.key", "from": null, "to": "ref50" }, { "path": "references.49.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zeiss (1949). “Großes Forchungsmikroskop LUPAN Beschreinbung und Gebrauchsanweisung”, Optik Carl Zeiss Jena VEB, Waren-Nr 371440" }, { "path": "references.5.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1093/labmed/12.8.512" }, { "path": "references.5.key", "from": null, "to": "ref6" }, { "path": "references.5.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Leftwich, M. A. (1981). “Historic Microscope Replicas”. Laboratory Medicine, 12 (8), 512-" }, { "path": "references.50.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1177/004051754701700203" }, { "path": "references.50.key", "from": null, "to": "ref51" }, { "path": "references.50.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Köhler, A., and Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method and Its Application to Microscopy”, Naturwissenschaften 29, 49-61 translated in Textile Research Journal, 17, 82-95 (Feb. 1947)" }, { "path": "references.51.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf02327345" }, { "path": "references.51.key", "from": null, "to": "ref52" }, { "path": "references.51.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method in Biological Research”, Klinische Wochenschrift 20, 849-93" }, { "path": "references.52.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01476461" }, { "path": "references.52.key", "from": null, "to": "ref53" }, { "path": "references.52.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Michel, K., (1941). “The Representation of Chromosomes by Means of the Phase Contrast Method”. Naturwissenschaften 29, 61-2" }, { "path": "references.53.key", "from": null, "to": "ref54" }, { "path": "references.53.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Michel, K., (1943). “Phase Contrast Microscopy,” in Handbuch der wiss. u. angewandten Photographie, Wien, Springer, Supplementary Volume I, chapter entitled “Micrography,” pp. 546-55" }, { "path": "references.54.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1126/science.121.3141.345" }, { "path": "references.54.key", "from": null, "to": "ref55" }, { "path": "references.54.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zernike, F. (1955). “How I discovered phase contrast”. Science 121, 345-349" }, { "path": "references.55.key", "from": null, "to": "ref56" }, { "path": "references.55.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Zeiss C. (1935). “Verfahren zur Erh⟨hung der Lichtdurchl⟨ssigkeit opticher Teile durch Erniedrigung des Brechungsexponenten an dur Grenzfl⟨chen dieser optichen Teile”, Reichstentamt Patentchrift, Nr 685767 Klass 42h, Gruppe 1, Z22836IXa/42h" }, { "path": "references.56.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1017/cbo9780511529672" }, { "path": "references.56.key", "from": null, "to": "ref57" }, { "path": "references.56.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Paul, H. W. (1985). “From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860- 1939”. Cambridge University Press. https:// doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529672" }, { "path": "references.57.key", "from": null, "to": "ref58" }, { "path": "references.57.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Smith, J. L. (1852). “The inverted microscope-a new form of microscope”. American Journal of Science and Arts, 14, 233-241" }, { "path": "references.58.key", "from": null, "to": "ref59" }, { "path": "references.58.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "A. Nachet. (1886). “Descriptif des instruments de micrograpie constuis par”. Maison Nachet & Fils, Vol 1, Paris" }, { "path": "references.59.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1086/351546" }, { "path": "references.59.key", "from": null, "to": "ref60" }, { "path": "references.59.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Cassedy, J. H. (1976). “The microscope in American Medical Science, 1840-1860”. History of Science, 67(1), 76-97" }, { "path": "references.6.key", "from": null, "to": "ref7" }, { "path": "references.6.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Van Helden, A., Dupré, S., & van Gent, R. (2010). “The origins of the telescope”. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN: 978-90- 6984-615-6" }, { "path": "references.60.key", "from": null, "to": "ref61" }, { "path": "references.60.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Smith, J. L. (1873). “Mineraloggy and Chemistry, Original Researches”. Printed by John P Morton and Company, Loisville, KY" }, { "path": "references.61.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005" }, { "path": "references.61.key", "from": null, "to": "ref62" }, { "path": "references.61.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Desch, C. H. (1938). Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850-1936. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 2(6), 251–259. http://www. jstor.org/stable/769060" }, { "path": "references.62.key", "from": null, "to": "ref63" }, { "path": "references.62.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "VEB Carl Zeiss. (1953). “Neophot”. Druckschriften-Nr. CZ 30-675a-1, Jena" }, { "path": "references.63.key", "from": null, "to": "ref64" }, { "path": "references.63.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Anderson, A. J. O. (1982). “Sahagún: Career and Character”. Florentine Codex: The General History of the Things of New Spain, Introductions and Indices. University of Utah Press" }, { "path": "references.64.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1098/rstl.1845.0004" }, { "path": "references.64.key", "from": null, "to": "ref65" }, { "path": "references.64.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Herschel, J. F. W. (1845). “On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 135, 143-145" }, { "path": "references.65.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1098/rstl.1852.0022" }, { "path": "references.65.key", "from": null, "to": "ref66" }, { "path": "references.65.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Stokes, G. G. (1852). “On the change of refrangibility of light”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 142, 463-562" }, { "path": "references.66.key", "from": null, "to": "ref67" }, { "path": "references.66.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Garfield, S. (2001). “Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color that Changed the World”. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978- 0393020052" }, { "path": "references.67.key", "from": null, "to": "ref68" }, { "path": "references.67.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Helmholtz, H. (1874). “Die theoretischen Grenzen für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mikroskope”. Annalen der Physik, 557-584" }, { "path": "references.68.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1055/s-0029-1196319" }, { "path": "references.68.key", "from": null, "to": "ref69" }, { "path": "references.68.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ehrlich P. (1882). “Ueber provocirte fluorescenzerscheinungen am auge”. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 8:21, Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY doi:10.1055/s-0029-1196319" }, { "path": "references.69.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1136/jcp.6.4.273" }, { "path": "references.69.key", "from": null, "to": "ref70" }, { "path": "references.69.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "McClure, D. M., (1953). “The Development of Fluorescence Microscopy for Tubercle Bacilli and its Use as an Adjunct to Histological Routine”., Journal of Clinical Pathology; Vol. 6, Iss. 4, 273. DOI:10.1136/jcp.6.4.273" }, { "path": "references.7.key", "from": null, "to": "ref8" }, { "path": "references.7.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Haden, R. L. (1939). “The Origin of the Microscope”. Annals of Medical History, 1, 30-" }, { "path": "references.70.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1161/01.cir.24.1.82" }, { "path": "references.70.key", "from": null, "to": "ref71" }, { "path": "references.70.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Novotny, H. R., & Alvis, D. L. (1961). “A method of photographing fluorescence in circulating blood in the human retina”. Circulation, 24, 82-86" }, { "path": "references.71.key", "from": null, "to": "ref72" }, { "path": "references.71.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Same, P. J. (1993). “Landmarks in the Historical Development of Fluorescein Angiography”. Journal of Ophthalmic Photography, 15 (1), 17-23" }, { "path": "references.72.key", "from": null, "to": "ref73" }, { "path": "references.72.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Köhler R, (1893). “Ein neues Beleuchtungsverfahren für mikrophotographische Zwecke”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und für Mikroskopische Technik. 10 (4): 433–440" }, { "path": "references.73.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/andp.18712190504" }, { "path": "references.73.key", "from": null, "to": "ref74" }, { "path": "references.73.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "E. Lommel (1875). “Uber Fluorescenz”, Annalen der Physik (1871-1880)" }, { "path": "references.74.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.5962/bhl.title.14249" }, { "path": "references.74.key", "from": null, "to": "ref75" }, { "path": "references.74.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Harvey, E. N. (1957). A history of luminescence from the earliest times until 1900. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, v. 44" }, { "path": "references.75.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003082" }, { "path": "references.75.key", "from": null, "to": "ref76" }, { "path": "references.75.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Masters, B. R. (2008). History of the optical microscope in cell biology and medicine. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 8" }, { "path": "references.76.key", "from": null, "to": "ref77" }, { "path": "references.76.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Heimstadt, O. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28, 330-337" }, { "path": "references.77.key", "from": null, "to": "ref78" }, { "path": "references.77.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Lehmann, H. (1913). “Das Lumineszenz-Mikroskop, seine Grundlagen und seine Anwendungen“. Zeitschr. Wissensch. Mikrosk. 30, 418–470" }, { "path": "references.78.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/b978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4" }, { "path": "references.78.key", "from": null, "to": "ref79" }, { "path": "references.78.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Sluder, G., & Nordberg, J. J. (2013). “Microscope Basics”. In Methods in Cell Biology (Vol. 114, pp. 1-10). Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124077614 https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4" }, { "path": "references.79.key", "from": null, "to": "ref80" }, { "path": "references.79.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Reichert, K. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12, 1010-1011" }, { "path": "references.8.key", "from": null, "to": "ref9" }, { "path": "references.8.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "PMID: 33943451; PMCID: PMC7939666" }, { "path": "references.80.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.4049/jimmunol.45.3.159" }, { "path": "references.80.key", "from": null, "to": "ref81" }, { "path": "references.80.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Coons, A. H, Creech, H. J., Jones, N. R., & Berliner, E. (1942). “The Demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody”. Journal of Immunology, 45, 159-170" }, { "path": "references.81.key", "from": null, "to": "ref82" }, { "path": "references.81.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Fischer, J. G. (1911). “Fluorescence microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28. - Garrison & Morton No. 269.2" }, { "path": "references.82.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4" }, { "path": "references.82.key", "from": null, "to": "ref83" }, { "path": "references.82.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Davidson, L., & Keller, R. (2001). “Basics of a Light Microscopy Imaging System and Its Application in Biology”. Methods in Cellular Imaging. 1-45. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4" }, { "path": "references.83.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/bf01946036" }, { "path": "references.83.key", "from": null, "to": "ref84" }, { "path": "references.83.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ellinger, P. H., & Hirt, A. (1929). “Mikroskopische beobachtungen an lebenden organen mit demonstrationen (Intravitalmikroskopie)”. Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 147(1-3), 63-63. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01946036" }, { "path": "references.84.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/jpln.19530630206" }, { "path": "references.84.key", "from": null, "to": "ref85" }, { "path": "references.84.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Burrichter, E. (1953). “Beiträge zur Beurteilung von Böden auf Grund fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Untersuchung ihrer Mikroflora”. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde, 63(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jpln.19530630206" }, { "path": "references.85.key", "from": null, "to": "ref86" }, { "path": "references.85.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ploem, J. S. (1967). “The use of a vertical illuminator with interchangeable dichroic mirrors for fluorescence microscopy with incidental light”. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und Mikroskopische Technik, 68 (3), 129-142" }, { "path": "references.86.key", "from": null, "to": "ref87" }, { "path": "references.86.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Minsky, M. (1961). “Minsky’s microscopy apparatus”. US Patent 3,013,467" }, { "path": "references.87.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.7759/cureus.68434" }, { "path": "references.87.key", "from": null, "to": "ref88" }, { "path": "references.87.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Patil-Takbhate, B., Takbhate, R., Khopkar-Kale, P., & Tripathy, S. (2024). “Marvin minsky: The visionary behind the confocal microscope and the father of artificial intelligence”. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68434" }, { "path": "references.88.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/0471732877.emd291" }, { "path": "references.88.key", "from": null, "to": "ref89" }, { "path": "references.88.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Claxton, N. S., Fellers, T. J., & Davidson, M. W. (2006). “Laser scanning confocal microscopy”. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 21 (1), 1-37" }, { "path": "references.89.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/530282a" }, { "path": "references.89.key", "from": null, "to": "ref90" }, { "path": "references.89.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Winston, P. (2016) “Marvin L. Minsky” (1927--2016). Nature, 530, 282. https://doi. org/10.1038/530282a" }, { "path": "references.9.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.5962/bhl.title.1389" }, { "path": "references.9.key", "from": null, "to": "ref10" }, { "path": "references.9.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Carpenter, W. B., & Dallinger, W. H. (1901). “The Microscope and Its Revelations”. P. Blackiston’s Sons and Co, 122-125" }, { "path": "references.90.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1163/9789004460409_mor2-b20773262" }, { "path": "references.90.key", "from": null, "to": "ref91" }, { "path": "references.90.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Airy, G. B. (1835). “On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture”. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 5, 283-291" }, { "path": "references.91.key", "from": null, "to": "ref92" }, { "path": "references.91.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Petran, M., & Hardravsky, M. (1970). “Method and arrangement for improving the Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY resolving power and contrast”. U.S. Patent No. 3,517,980" }, { "path": "references.92.key", "from": null, "to": "ref93" }, { "path": "references.92.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Petran, M., Hardravsky, M., & Maly, M. (1990). “Arrangement for illumination and scanning of an object by means of a scanning disc similar to a Nipkow disk”. U.S. Patent No. 4,917,478" }, { "path": "references.93.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1126/science.157.3786.305" }, { "path": "references.93.key", "from": null, "to": "ref94" }, { "path": "references.93.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Egger, M. D., & Petráň, M. (1967). “New reflected-light microscope for viewing unstained brain and ganglion cells”. Science, 157 (3786), 305-307. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.157.3786.305" }, { "path": "references.94.key", "from": null, "to": "ref95" }, { "path": "references.94.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Goldstein, S. R. (1987). “Confocal laser scanning microscope with no moving parts”. U.S. Patent No. 4,827,125" }, { "path": "references.95.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/223831a0" }, { "path": "references.95.key", "from": null, "to": "ref96" }, { "path": "references.95.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Davidovits, P., & Egger, M. D. (1969). “Scanning laser microscope”. Nature, 223 (5208), 831-" }, { "path": "references.96.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1038/223831a0" }, { "path": "references.96.key", "from": null, "to": "ref97" }, { "path": "references.96.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "https://doi.org/10.1038/223831a0" }, { "path": "references.97.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1080/713819421" }, { "path": "references.97.key", "from": null, "to": "ref98" }, { "path": "references.97.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Sheppard, C. J. R., & Choudhury, A. (1977). “Image formation in the scanning microscope”. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, 24 (10), 1051-1073" }, { "path": "references.98.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb01178.x" }, { "path": "references.98.key", "from": null, "to": "ref99" }, { "path": "references.98.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Brakenhoff, G. J., Blom, P., & Barends, P. (1979). “Confocal Scanning Light Microscopy with High Aperture Immersion Lenses”. Journal of Microscopy, 117, 219-232" }, { "path": "references.99.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6" }, { "path": "references.99.key", "from": null, "to": "ref100" }, { "path": "references.99.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Pawley, J. B. (1995). “Handbook of biological confocal microscopy” (2nd ed.). Plenum Press. ISBN: 0-306-448262" }, { "path": "referent", "from": null, "to": "Creation" }, { "path": "structural_type", "from": null, "to": "Digital" }, { "path": "titles.0.lang", "from": null, "to": "en" }, { "path": "titles.0.type", "from": null, "to": "PrincipalTitle" }, { "path": "titles.0.value", "from": null, "to": "HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE.PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "path": "type", "from": null, "to": "JournalArticle" } ], "record_after": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE.PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "Stephanus H Coetzee" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2025-09-01", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2025-09-01" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "volume": "10", "issue": "08", "pages": { "first": "16", "last": "52" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1015", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1211", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" }, { "url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364/1015", "purpose": "similarity-checking" } ], "abstract": { "value": "Microscopes drove theories by providing the tool needed to make advances in many fields of science. Observations through the microscope primarily determined what early scientists thought and advanced science to a great extend as we know it today across many fields of science, becoming a dominating technique. What is captured here are some of the major milestones on the path of the birth of microscopy. The following is covered: The beginning of the light microscope, Early Stereo Microscope development, TheUltra Microscope, Differential interference contrast (DIC). Inverted light Microscope, The Fluorescence microscope, Confocal Microscopy, Confocal Scanning Light Microscope (or ‘CSLM’), Transmission Electron microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). With more older manuscripts becoming available digitally, this overview fills in many gaps that exist in some of the previous work, covering a wider history in microscopy. It is also the single most recognised technique, which in its development and application, has produced more Nobel prize laureates than any other technique. Quite a few laurates are born and imbedded in the history of microscopy, some are covered here.", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2025-09-01", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1201/9781315366708", "unstructured": "De Villiers, G., & Pike, E. R. (2016). “The limits of resolution”. CRC Press. ISBN: 9781498758123" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1016/0039-6257(86)90064-0", "unstructured": "Rubin, M. L. (1986). “Spectacles: Past, present, and future”. Survey of Ophthalmology, 30 (5), 321-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039- 6257(86)90064-0" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1177/003591577106401024", "unstructured": "Cashell, G. T. W. (1971). “A Short History of Spectacles”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 64 (10), 1063-1064. https://doi. org/10.1177/003591577106401024" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.31826/9781463232405-024", "unstructured": "Jaecks, D. (2010). “The Telescope, Its History, Technology, and Future”. In Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science (Volume 4) (pp. 175-178). Gorgias Press. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463232405-" }, { "key": "ref5", "unstructured": "Disney, A. N. (1928). “Origin and development of the microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, 26" }, { "key": "ref6", "doi": "10.1093/labmed/12.8.512", "unstructured": "Leftwich, M. A. (1981). “Historic Microscope Replicas”. Laboratory Medicine, 12 (8), 512-" }, { "key": "ref7", "unstructured": "Van Helden, A., Dupré, S., & van Gent, R. (2010). “The origins of the telescope”. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN: 978-90- 6984-615-6" }, { "key": "ref8", "unstructured": "Haden, R. L. (1939). “The Origin of the Microscope”. Annals of Medical History, 1, 30-" }, { "key": "ref9", "unstructured": "PMID: 33943451; PMCID: PMC7939666" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.5962/bhl.title.1389", "unstructured": "Carpenter, W. B., & Dallinger, W. H. (1901). “The Microscope and Its Revelations”. P. Blackiston’s Sons and Co, 122-125" }, { "key": "ref11", "unstructured": "Borel, P. (1656). “Observationum microscopicarum centuria”. Regis Chrisftianiffimi Medic Ordinareo. (in Spanish). https://www.europeana.eu/item/109/ https hispana_mcu_es_lod_oai_bvpb_mcu_ es_406798_ent0" }, { "key": "ref12", "unstructured": "Gillen, A., & Oliver, D. (2012). “Antony van leeuwenhoek: Creation magnified through his magnificent microscopes”. Faculty Publications and Presentations. https:// digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_ pubs/137" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1093/jhmas/xvi.1.18", "unstructured": "Bedini, S. A. (1961). “The optical workshop equipment of giuseppe campani”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 16 (1), 18-38. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/24620835" }, { "key": "ref14", "unstructured": "Hooke, R. (1964). “Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses”. London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, (first edition)" }, { "key": "ref15", "unstructured": "Gest, H. (2004). The discovery of microorganisms revisited. ASM News, 70 (6), 269-274" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.7788/boehlau.9783412323875", "unstructured": "Hellmuth, E., & Wolfgang, M. (2004). “Carl Zeiss in Jena, 1945-1990”. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN: 9783412111960" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.3171/2009.6.focus09120", "unstructured": "Uluç, K., Kujoth, G. C., & Başkaya, M. K. (2009). “Operating microscopes: Past, present, and future”. Neurosurgical Focus, 27(3), E4" }, { "key": "ref18", "unstructured": "Henker, O. (1928). “Objective-revolving nose piece for microscopes”. U.S. Patent No. 1,674,041" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.1017/s0025727300037716", "unstructured": "Bracegirdle, B. (1977). “J. J. Lister and the establishment of histology”. Medical History, 21 (2), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0025727300037716" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.2307/3221838", "unstructured": "Gage, S. H. (1920). “Modern dark-field microscopy and the history of its development”. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 39(2), 95-141. Figure32. The first commercial ESEM was exhibited in New Orleans by ElectroScan Corporation Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-16-9569-8_1", "unstructured": "Ortiz Ortega, E., Hosseinian, H., Rosales López, M. J., Rodríguez Vera, A., & Hosseini, S. (2022). “Characterization Techniques for Morphology Analysis”. In Material Characterization Techniques and Applications (pp. 1-45). Springer Singapore" }, { "key": "ref22", "unstructured": "Humphrey, A. T. (1992). “Lord Rayleigh-the last of the great Victorian polymaths”. GEC Review, 7 (3), 167-179" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1080/14786443408648474", "unstructured": "Talbot, W. H. F. (1834). “XLIV. Experiments on light”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5(29), 321-334. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786443408648474" }, { "key": "ref24", "doi": "10.1007/bf02956173", "unstructured": "Abbe, E. (1873). “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung”. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie, 9(1), 413-468. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02956173" }, { "key": "ref25", "unstructured": "von Fraunhofer, J. (1814). “Denkschriften der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu München”. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 193-226" }, { "key": "ref26", "unstructured": "Zeiss, C. (1889). “Optiche Werkstätte” (Vol. 28). Fromannsche Buehdruckerei (Herman Pohle)" }, { "key": "ref27", "unstructured": "Riesenberg, H. (1988). “Handbuch der Mikroskopie”. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 24–107" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.1117/12.131980", "unstructured": "Broome,B. G. (1992) “Microscope objectives and their evolution to optical disk objectives”. Proc. SPIE 10263, Lens Design: A Critical Review, 102630H; https://doi. org/10.1117/12.131980" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.1515/aot-2019-0002", "unstructured": "Zhang, Y., & Gross, H. (2019). “Systematic design of microscope objectives. Part I: System review and analysis”. Advanced Optical Technologies, 8(5), 313-347. https://doi. org/10.1515/aot-2019-0002" }, { "key": "ref30", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x", "unstructured": "Zei Zeiss, C. (1878). “Description of Professor Abbe’s Apertometer, with Instructions for its Use”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1, 19-22. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x" }, { "key": "ref31", "unstructured": "Kepler, J. (1611). “Dioptrice seu demonstratio eorum quae visui & visibilibus propter Conspicilla ita pridem inventa accidunt”. Davidis Franci. Reprint in Latin Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-1104789428" }, { "key": "ref32", "unstructured": "Malet, A. (2010). “Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and geometrical optics, 1611-1669”. The Origins of the Telescope, 281-300" }, { "key": "ref33", "doi": "10.1068/p100123", "unstructured": "Gregory, R. L. (1981). “Beyond sense and reason”. Perception, 10 (2), 123-126. https:// doi.org/10.1068/p100123" }, { "key": "ref34", "unstructured": "Wenham, F. H. (1853). “On the Application Binocular vision to the Microscope”. Transactions of the Microscopy Society of London" }, { "key": "ref35", "unstructured": "Beck, R. (2014). “125 years of comparison microscopy-From the ‘camera lucida’ to the Automated Comparison Bridge”. Leica Science Lab" }, { "key": "ref36", "unstructured": "Carl Zeiss. (1902). “Optiche Werkstätte” (32nd ed.). B Vopelius, Jena" }, { "key": "ref37", "unstructured": "Zsigmondy, R. (1909). “Colloids and the Ultramicroscope, a manual of Colloid Chemistry and Ultramicroscopy” (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chapman & Hall, London" }, { "key": "ref38", "unstructured": "Zsigmondy, R. A. (1926). “Properties of Colloids-Nobel Lecture”. Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941. Elsevier Publishing Company" }, { "key": "ref39", "unstructured": "Nomarski, G. (1952). “Interferential polarizing device for study of phase object”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "key": "ref40", "unstructured": "Smith, F. H. (1952). “Interference Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "key": "ref41", "unstructured": "Smith, F. H. (1955). “Microscopic Interferometry”. Research (London), 8, 385-" }, { "key": "ref42", "unstructured": "Nomarski, G. (1960). “Interferential Polarizing Device for Study of Phase Objects”. U.S. Patent, Number 2,924,142. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, USA" }, { "key": "ref43", "unstructured": "Allen, R. D., David, G. B., & Nomarski, G. (1969). “The Zeiss-Nomarski Differential Interference Equipment for Transmitted Light Microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 69, 193-221" }, { "key": "ref44", "unstructured": "2 Malus,E. L. (1809).“ Sur une propriété de la lumière réflécchie par les corps diaphanes.” Arcueil, Mém. De Phys. Ii. 142-58. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref45", "unstructured": "Étienne-Louis Malus, (1811). “Théorie de la double réfraction,” Mémoires présentés à l’Institut par divers savants étrangers, II, 447" }, { "key": "ref46", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1923.tb01380.x", "unstructured": "Cheshire, P. F. J. (1923). The President’s address: The early history of the polariscope, and the polarizing microscope. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 43(1), 1-18" }, { "key": "ref47", "unstructured": "Touret, J. (2012) “ Le microscope polarisant à l’assaut des montagnes.” Travaux du Comité français d’Histoire de la Géologie, 3ème série (tome 26, 4), pp.67-80. ⟨hal-01065569⟨" }, { "key": "ref48", "unstructured": "Zernicke, F. (1953). “Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 454-457" }, { "key": "ref49", "unstructured": "Gundlach, H. (2003). “Frits Zernike and Phase Contrast Microscopy: Celebrating 50 Years of Live Cell Analysis”, Microscopy and Analysis, 5-10" }, { "key": "ref50", "unstructured": "Zeiss (1949). “Großes Forchungsmikroskop LUPAN Beschreinbung und Gebrauchsanweisung”, Optik Carl Zeiss Jena VEB, Waren-Nr 371440" }, { "key": "ref51", "doi": "10.1177/004051754701700203", "unstructured": "Köhler, A., and Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method and Its Application to Microscopy”, Naturwissenschaften 29, 49-61 translated in Textile Research Journal, 17, 82-95 (Feb. 1947)" }, { "key": "ref52", "doi": "10.1007/bf02327345", "unstructured": "Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method in Biological Research”, Klinische Wochenschrift 20, 849-93" }, { "key": "ref53", "doi": "10.1007/bf01476461", "unstructured": "Michel, K., (1941). “The Representation of Chromosomes by Means of the Phase Contrast Method”. Naturwissenschaften 29, 61-2" }, { "key": "ref54", "unstructured": "Michel, K., (1943). “Phase Contrast Microscopy,” in Handbuch der wiss. u. angewandten Photographie, Wien, Springer, Supplementary Volume I, chapter entitled “Micrography,” pp. 546-55" }, { "key": "ref55", "doi": "10.1126/science.121.3141.345", "unstructured": "Zernike, F. (1955). “How I discovered phase contrast”. Science 121, 345-349" }, { "key": "ref56", "unstructured": "Zeiss C. (1935). “Verfahren zur Erh⟨hung der Lichtdurchl⟨ssigkeit opticher Teile durch Erniedrigung des Brechungsexponenten an dur Grenzfl⟨chen dieser optichen Teile”, Reichstentamt Patentchrift, Nr 685767 Klass 42h, Gruppe 1, Z22836IXa/42h" }, { "key": "ref57", "doi": "10.1017/cbo9780511529672", "unstructured": "Paul, H. W. (1985). “From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860- 1939”. Cambridge University Press. https:// doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529672" }, { "key": "ref58", "unstructured": "Smith, J. L. (1852). “The inverted microscope-a new form of microscope”. American Journal of Science and Arts, 14, 233-241" }, { "key": "ref59", "unstructured": "A. Nachet. (1886). “Descriptif des instruments de micrograpie constuis par”. Maison Nachet & Fils, Vol 1, Paris" }, { "key": "ref60", "doi": "10.1086/351546", "unstructured": "Cassedy, J. H. (1976). “The microscope in American Medical Science, 1840-1860”. History of Science, 67(1), 76-97" }, { "key": "ref61", "unstructured": "Smith, J. L. (1873). “Mineraloggy and Chemistry, Original Researches”. Printed by John P Morton and Company, Loisville, KY" }, { "key": "ref62", "doi": "10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005", "unstructured": "Desch, C. H. (1938). Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850-1936. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 2(6), 251–259. http://www. jstor.org/stable/769060" }, { "key": "ref63", "unstructured": "VEB Carl Zeiss. (1953). “Neophot”. Druckschriften-Nr. CZ 30-675a-1, Jena" }, { "key": "ref64", "unstructured": "Anderson, A. J. O. (1982). “Sahagún: Career and Character”. Florentine Codex: The General History of the Things of New Spain, Introductions and Indices. University of Utah Press" }, { "key": "ref65", "doi": "10.1098/rstl.1845.0004", "unstructured": "Herschel, J. F. W. (1845). “On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 135, 143-145" }, { "key": "ref66", "doi": "10.1098/rstl.1852.0022", "unstructured": "Stokes, G. G. (1852). “On the change of refrangibility of light”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 142, 463-562" }, { "key": "ref67", "unstructured": "Garfield, S. (2001). “Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color that Changed the World”. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978- 0393020052" }, { "key": "ref68", "unstructured": "Helmholtz, H. (1874). “Die theoretischen Grenzen für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mikroskope”. Annalen der Physik, 557-584" }, { "key": "ref69", "doi": "10.1055/s-0029-1196319", "unstructured": "Ehrlich P. (1882). “Ueber provocirte fluorescenzerscheinungen am auge”. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 8:21, Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY doi:10.1055/s-0029-1196319" }, { "key": "ref70", "doi": "10.1136/jcp.6.4.273", "unstructured": "McClure, D. M., (1953). “The Development of Fluorescence Microscopy for Tubercle Bacilli and its Use as an Adjunct to Histological Routine”., Journal of Clinical Pathology; Vol. 6, Iss. 4, 273. DOI:10.1136/jcp.6.4.273" }, { "key": "ref71", "doi": "10.1161/01.cir.24.1.82", "unstructured": "Novotny, H. R., & Alvis, D. L. (1961). “A method of photographing fluorescence in circulating blood in the human retina”. Circulation, 24, 82-86" }, { "key": "ref72", "unstructured": "Same, P. J. (1993). “Landmarks in the Historical Development of Fluorescein Angiography”. Journal of Ophthalmic Photography, 15 (1), 17-23" }, { "key": "ref73", "unstructured": "Köhler R, (1893). “Ein neues Beleuchtungsverfahren für mikrophotographische Zwecke”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und für Mikroskopische Technik. 10 (4): 433–440" }, { "key": "ref74", "doi": "10.1002/andp.18712190504", "unstructured": "E. Lommel (1875). “Uber Fluorescenz”, Annalen der Physik (1871-1880)" }, { "key": "ref75", "doi": "10.5962/bhl.title.14249", "unstructured": "Harvey, E. N. (1957). A history of luminescence from the earliest times until 1900. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, v. 44" }, { "key": "ref76", "doi": "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003082", "unstructured": "Masters, B. R. (2008). History of the optical microscope in cell biology and medicine. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 8" }, { "key": "ref77", "unstructured": "Heimstadt, O. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28, 330-337" }, { "key": "ref78", "unstructured": "Lehmann, H. (1913). “Das Lumineszenz-Mikroskop, seine Grundlagen und seine Anwendungen“. Zeitschr. Wissensch. Mikrosk. 30, 418–470" }, { "key": "ref79", "doi": "10.1016/b978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4", "unstructured": "Sluder, G., & Nordberg, J. J. (2013). “Microscope Basics”. In Methods in Cell Biology (Vol. 114, pp. 1-10). Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124077614 https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4" }, { "key": "ref80", "unstructured": "Reichert, K. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12, 1010-1011" }, { "key": "ref81", "doi": "10.4049/jimmunol.45.3.159", "unstructured": "Coons, A. H, Creech, H. J., Jones, N. R., & Berliner, E. (1942). “The Demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody”. Journal of Immunology, 45, 159-170" }, { "key": "ref82", "unstructured": "Fischer, J. G. (1911). “Fluorescence microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28. - Garrison & Morton No. 269.2" }, { "key": "ref83", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4", "unstructured": "Davidson, L., & Keller, R. (2001). “Basics of a Light Microscopy Imaging System and Its Application in Biology”. Methods in Cellular Imaging. 1-45. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4" }, { "key": "ref84", "doi": "10.1007/bf01946036", "unstructured": "Ellinger, P. H., & Hirt, A. (1929). “Mikroskopische beobachtungen an lebenden organen mit demonstrationen (Intravitalmikroskopie)”. Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 147(1-3), 63-63. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01946036" }, { "key": "ref85", "doi": "10.1002/jpln.19530630206", "unstructured": "Burrichter, E. (1953). “Beiträge zur Beurteilung von Böden auf Grund fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Untersuchung ihrer Mikroflora”. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde, 63(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jpln.19530630206" }, { "key": "ref86", "unstructured": "Ploem, J. S. (1967). “The use of a vertical illuminator with interchangeable dichroic mirrors for fluorescence microscopy with incidental light”. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und Mikroskopische Technik, 68 (3), 129-142" }, { "key": "ref87", "unstructured": "Minsky, M. (1961). “Minsky’s microscopy apparatus”. US Patent 3,013,467" }, { "key": "ref88", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.68434", "unstructured": "Patil-Takbhate, B., Takbhate, R., Khopkar-Kale, P., & Tripathy, S. (2024). “Marvin minsky: The visionary behind the confocal microscope and the father of artificial intelligence”. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68434" }, { "key": "ref89", "doi": "10.1002/0471732877.emd291", "unstructured": "Claxton, N. S., Fellers, T. J., & Davidson, M. W. (2006). “Laser scanning confocal microscopy”. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 21 (1), 1-37" }, { "key": "ref90", "doi": "10.1038/530282a", "unstructured": "Winston, P. (2016) “Marvin L. Minsky” (1927--2016). Nature, 530, 282. https://doi. org/10.1038/530282a" }, { "key": "ref91", "doi": "10.1163/9789004460409_mor2-b20773262", "unstructured": "Airy, G. B. (1835). “On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture”. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 5, 283-291" }, { "key": "ref92", "unstructured": "Petran, M., & Hardravsky, M. (1970). “Method and arrangement for improving the Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY resolving power and contrast”. U.S. Patent No. 3,517,980" }, { "key": "ref93", "unstructured": "Petran, M., Hardravsky, M., & Maly, M. (1990). “Arrangement for illumination and scanning of an object by means of a scanning disc similar to a Nipkow disk”. U.S. Patent No. 4,917,478" }, { "key": "ref94", "doi": "10.1126/science.157.3786.305", "unstructured": "Egger, M. D., & Petráň, M. (1967). “New reflected-light microscope for viewing unstained brain and ganglion cells”. Science, 157 (3786), 305-307. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.157.3786.305" }, { "key": "ref95", "unstructured": "Goldstein, S. R. (1987). “Confocal laser scanning microscope with no moving parts”. U.S. Patent No. 4,827,125" }, { "key": "ref96", "doi": "10.1038/223831a0", "unstructured": "Davidovits, P., & Egger, M. D. (1969). “Scanning laser microscope”. Nature, 223 (5208), 831-" }, { "key": "ref97", "doi": "10.1038/223831a0", "unstructured": "https://doi.org/10.1038/223831a0" }, { "key": "ref98", "doi": "10.1080/713819421", "unstructured": "Sheppard, C. J. R., & Choudhury, A. (1977). “Image formation in the scanning microscope”. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, 24 (10), 1051-1073" }, { "key": "ref99", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb01178.x", "unstructured": "Brakenhoff, G. J., Blom, P., & Barends, P. (1979). “Confocal Scanning Light Microscopy with High Aperture Immersion Lenses”. Journal of Microscopy, 117, 219-232" }, { "key": "ref100", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6", "unstructured": "Pawley, J. B. (1995). “Handbook of biological confocal microscopy” (2nd ed.). Plenum Press. ISBN: 0-306-448262" }, { "key": "ref101", "doi": "10.1080/14786449708621070", "unstructured": "Thomson, J. J. (1897). “Cathode Rays”. Philosophical Magazine, 44(269), 293-316" }, { "key": "ref102", "unstructured": "Thomson, J. J. (1906). “In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”. NobelPrize.org. https://www. nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1906/ summary" }, { "key": "ref103", "doi": "10.1002/anie.200602651", "unstructured": "Thomas, J. M. (2006). “J. J. Thomson: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics 1906”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45 (41), 6797-6800" }, { "key": "ref104", "doi": "10.1080/14786441308634955", "unstructured": "Bohr, N. (1913). “On the constitution of atoms and molecules”. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 26, 1-25" }, { "key": "ref105", "doi": "10.1080/14786442408634378", "unstructured": "de Broglie, L. (1924). XXXV. “A tentative theory of light quanta”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 47(278), 446-458. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786442408634378" }, { "key": "ref106", "unstructured": "de Broglie, L. V. (1929). “For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”. NobelPrize. org. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/ physics/1929/summary" }, { "key": "ref107", "doi": "10.1038/119558a0", "unstructured": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel”. Nature, 119(2998), 558. https://doi. org/10.1038/119558a0 S2CID: 4104602" }, { "key": "ref108", "doi": "10.1103/physrev.30.705", "unstructured": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel”. Physical Review, 30(6), 705-740. https://doi. org/10.1103/PhysRev.30.705 ISSN: 0031- 899X" }, { "key": "ref109", "unstructured": "Davisson, C. J., & Thomson, G. P. (1937). “For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/ summary" }, { "key": "ref110", "doi": "10.1002/andp.19263862507", "unstructured": "Busch, H. (1926). “Berechnung der Bahn von Kathodenstrahlen im axialsymmetrischen elektromagnetischen Felde”. Annalen der Physik, 386(25), 974-993. https://doi. org/10.1002/andp.19263862507" }, { "key": "ref111", "unstructured": "De Broglie, L. (1923). “Onde et quanta”. Compte Rendus, 177, 507-510" }, { "key": "ref112", "unstructured": "Kracklauer, A. F. (1974). “On the Imaginable content of De Broglie waves”. Scientia (Milano), 109, 111-120" }, { "key": "ref113", "unstructured": "Gabor, D. (1971). “For his invention and development of the holographic method”. NobelPrize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/ prizes/physics/1971/summary" }, { "key": "ref114", "doi": "10.1007/bf01243399", "unstructured": "Ruska, H., von Borries, B., & Ruska, E. (1940). “Die Bedeutung der Übermikroskopie für die Virusforschung”. Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 1, 155-169" }, { "key": "ref115", "doi": "10.1103/revmodphys.59.627", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1987). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. Reviews of Modern Physics, 59, 627. https://doi.org/10.1103/ RevModPhys.59.627" }, { "key": "ref116", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1986). “For his development of the electron microscope”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/ summary/" }, { "key": "ref117", "unstructured": "Knoll, M. (1929). “Vorrichtung zur Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY Konzentrierung des Elektronenstrahls eines Kathoden-strahloszillographen”. German Patent No. 690809. Granted on 11 April 1940" }, { "key": "ref118", "unstructured": "Ruska, E., & Knoll, M. (1931). “Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389-400" }, { "key": "ref119", "doi": "10.1007/bf01342199", "unstructured": "Knoll, M., & Ruska, E. (1932). “Das Elektronenmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 78, 318-339" }, { "key": "ref120", "doi": "10.1016/b978-0-12-800146-2.00001-1", "unstructured": "Gelderblom, H. R., & Kruger, D. H. (2014). “Helmut Ruska (1908-1973): His Role in the Evolution of Electron Microscopy in the Life Sciences, and Especially Virology”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 182, 1-94. ISSN: 1076-5670 ISBN: 9780128001462" }, { "key": "ref121", "unstructured": "Frank, J. (2019). “The Electron Microscope-from a sketch in 1931 to reality”. Frank Lab News" }, { "key": "ref122", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(08)70041-7", "unstructured": "Schimmel, G. (1996). “The History of the German Society for Electron Microscopy”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 96, 149-170. ISBN: 9780120147380" }, { "key": "ref123", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1988). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. EMSA Bulletin, 18 (2), 53-61" }, { "key": "ref124", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(01)80098-7", "unstructured": "Hawkes, P. (2001). “A souvenir of Philips electron microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 115, 355-361. ISBN: 9780120147571 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(01)80098-7" }, { "key": "ref125", "doi": "10.1007/978-4-431-54448-7_2", "unstructured": "Yoshimura, N. (2014). “History of JEOL Electron Microscopes”. In Historical Evolution Toward Achieving Ultrahigh Vacuum in JEOL Electron Microscopes (pp. 11-23)" }, { "key": "ref126", "doi": "10.1002/ar.1091170403", "unstructured": "Porter, K. R., & Blum, J. (1953). “A Study in Microtomey for Electron Microscopy”. Anatomical Record, 117, 685-710. https:// doi.org/10" }, { "key": "ref127", "doi": "10.1084/jem.95.3.285", "unstructured": "Pade, G. E. (1952). “A study of fixation for electron microscopy”. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 95(3), 285-298. PMID: 14927794; PMCID: PMC2212069" }, { "key": "ref128", "unstructured": "Claude, A., de Duve, C., & Palade, G. E. (1974). “For their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”. NobelPrize.org" }, { "key": "ref129", "unstructured": "Stintzing H. (19290 Verfahren und Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweiss, Messung und Zählung von Einzellteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse. German patent No 485155 (1929a)" }, { "key": "ref130", "unstructured": "Stintzing, H. (1929). “Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweis, Messung und Zählung von Einzelteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse nach Patent 485155, insbesondere zur Erzeugung sehr enger Strahlenbündel”. German Patent No. 485156" }, { "key": "ref131", "unstructured": "Knoll, M. (1935). “Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 467-475" }, { "key": "ref132", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1937). “Improvements in electron microscopes”. British Patent No. 511204. Convention date (Germany) 18 Feb 1937" }, { "key": "ref133", "doi": "10.1007/bf01341584", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop. Theoretische Grundlagen”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 109, 553-572" }, { "key": "ref134", "doi": "10.1007/bf01341584", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop Praktische Ausführung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 19, 407-416" }, { "key": "ref135", "doi": "10.1038/scientificamerican0942-111", "unstructured": "Zworykin, V. K. (1942). “New Scanning Electron Microscope revealed to Engineers”. Radio-Craft, Special Radio War number, September. Ed. Gernsback H. Radcraft Publications, Inc" }, { "key": "ref136", "doi": "10.1063/1.331666", "unstructured": "Oatley, C. W. (1982). “The early history of the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Applied Physics, 53 (2)" }, { "key": "ref137", "unstructured": "Baxter A.S., (1949) “Detection and analysis of low energy disintegration particles”. PhD Diss., Cambridge U" }, { "key": "ref138", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (1952). “Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes” [Doctoral dissertation]. Cambridge University" }, { "key": "ref139", "doi": "10.1016/j.phpro.2008.07.073", "unstructured": "Smith, K. C. A., Wells, O. C., & McMullan, D. (2008). “The fiftieth anniversary of the first applications of the scanning electron microscope in materials research”. Physics Procedia, 3-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. phpro.2008.07.073" }, { "key": "ref140", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (1953). “An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens”. Proc. Inst. Electr. Engrs. 100, Part II, 245–259. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref141", "doi": "10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (2008). “The Early Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope”. In Biological Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1" }, { "key": "ref142", "doi": "10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61010-0", "unstructured": "Oatley, C. W., Nixon W. C., & Pease R. F. W. (1965). “Scanning electron microscopy”. Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 21, 181–247" }, { "key": "ref143", "doi": "10.1088/0950-7671/37/7/307", "unstructured": "Everhart T. E. & R Thornley F. M. (1960) “Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents “ J. Sci. Instrum. 37 246" }, { "key": "ref144", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4615-0215-9", "unstructured": "Goldstein, J., Newbury, D.E., Joy, D.C., et al. (2003) “Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis”. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 550" }, { "key": "ref145", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(09)59004-0", "unstructured": "Inada, H., Kakibayashi, H., Isakozawa, S., Hashimoto, T., Yaguchi, T., & Nakamura, K. (2009). “Hitachi’s Development of Cold-Field Emission Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 159, 123-186. ISBN: 9780123749864 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(09)59004-0" }, { "key": "ref146", "unstructured": "Castaing, R. (1951). “Application of electron probes to local chemical and crystallographic analysis” [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Paris" }, { "key": "ref147", "doi": "10.1038/1771172b0", "unstructured": "Cosslett, V. E., & Duncumb, P. (1956). “Microanalysis by a flying-spot X-ray method”. Nature, 177, 1172-1173" }, { "key": "ref148", "unstructured": "Duncumb, P., & Cosslett, V. E. (1957). “A scanning microscope for X-ray emission pictures”. In X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography. 374-380. Academic Press" }, { "key": "ref149", "doi": "10.1017/s1431927617005761", "unstructured": "Camus, P., & Nylese, T. (2017). “More Than 50 Years of Influence On Microanalysis”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 23(S1), 1020-1021. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1431927617005761" }, { "key": "ref150", "doi": "10.1126/science.159.3814.528", "unstructured": "Fitzgerald, R., Keil, K., & Heinrich, K. F. (1968). “Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe x-ray analysis”. Science, 159 (3814), 528-530. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.159.3814.528" }, { "key": "ref151", "doi": "10.1017/s1431927606060211", "unstructured": "Friel, J. J., & Lyman, C. E. (2006). “X-ray mapping in electron-beam instruments”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 12 (1), 2-25" }, { "key": "ref152", "doi": "10.1016/0047-7206(82)90006-1", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D., & Postle, R. (1982). “The environmental scanning microscope and its applications”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1, 1-16" }, { "key": "ref153", "unstructured": "Pfefferkorn, G. E., Gruter, H., & Pfatusch, M. (1972). “Observations on the prevention of specimen charging”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 147-152" }, { "key": "ref154", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1975.tb04538.x", "unstructured": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “Wet stage modification to a scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Microscopy, 103, 71-" }, { "key": "ref155", "doi": "10.1088/0022-3735/8/8/009", "unstructured": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “The elimination of charging artifacts in the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Physics E, 8, 638-640" }, { "key": "ref156", "doi": "10.1002/sca.4950020202", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D., & Robinson, V. N. E. (1979). “Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy at High Specimen Chamber Pressures”. Scanning, 2, 72-82" }, { "key": "ref157", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “Gaseous detector device for an environmental electron probe microanalyzer”. *Research Disclosure No. 23311*, 284" }, { "key": "ref158", "doi": "10.1016/0047-7206(83)90002-x", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “A gaseous detector device for an environmental SEM”. Micron and Microscopica Acta, 14, 307-319" }, { "key": "ref159", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1986). “Method and Apparatus for an Atmospheric Scanning electron Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 4,596,928" }, { "key": "ref160", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1989). “Multipurpose gaseous detector device for electron microscope “. U.S. Patent No. 4,992,662" }, { "key": "ref161", "doi": "10.1002/jemt.1070250503", "unstructured": "Danilatos, X. G. D. (1993). “Introduction to the ESEM instrument”. Microscopy Research and Technique, 25, 354-361" }, { "key": "ref162", "doi": "10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008", "unstructured": "Bogner, A., Jouneau, P. H., Thollet, G., Basset, D., & Gauthier, C. (2007). “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging”. Micron, 38, 390-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. micron.2006.06.008" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-08-27", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364", "sha256_before": null, "sha256_after": "30c841dfa96b30d831c1fd38e79e35e96b5e377b3f3cafd7fe05b8d57c64dc5b" }, { "seq": 2, "kind": "update", "at": "2026-09-29 23:59:51", "by": "Administrator (admin)", "by_kind": "user", "note": "record re-read from api.crossref.org", "changes": [ { "path": "container.titles.0.value", "from": "Journal of Science & Technology", "to": "Journal of Science & Technology" } ], "record_after": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE.PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i08.pp16-52" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "Stephanus H Coetzee" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2025-09-01", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2025-09-01" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "volume": "10", "issue": "08", "pages": { "first": "16", "last": "52" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1015", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/1364/1211", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" }, { "url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364/1015", "purpose": "similarity-checking" } ], "abstract": { "value": "Microscopes drove theories by providing the tool needed to make advances in many fields of science. Observations through the microscope primarily determined what early scientists thought and advanced science to a great extend as we know it today across many fields of science, becoming a dominating technique. What is captured here are some of the major milestones on the path of the birth of microscopy. The following is covered: The beginning of the light microscope, Early Stereo Microscope development, TheUltra Microscope, Differential interference contrast (DIC). Inverted light Microscope, The Fluorescence microscope, Confocal Microscopy, Confocal Scanning Light Microscope (or ‘CSLM’), Transmission Electron microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). With more older manuscripts becoming available digitally, this overview fills in many gaps that exist in some of the previous work, covering a wider history in microscopy. It is also the single most recognised technique, which in its development and application, has produced more Nobel prize laureates than any other technique. Quite a few laurates are born and imbedded in the history of microscopy, some are covered here.", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2025-09-01", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1201/9781315366708", "unstructured": "De Villiers, G., & Pike, E. R. (2016). “The limits of resolution”. CRC Press. ISBN: 9781498758123" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1016/0039-6257(86)90064-0", "unstructured": "Rubin, M. L. (1986). “Spectacles: Past, present, and future”. Survey of Ophthalmology, 30 (5), 321-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039- 6257(86)90064-0" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1177/003591577106401024", "unstructured": "Cashell, G. T. W. (1971). “A Short History of Spectacles”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 64 (10), 1063-1064. https://doi. org/10.1177/003591577106401024" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.31826/9781463232405-024", "unstructured": "Jaecks, D. (2010). “The Telescope, Its History, Technology, and Future”. In Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science (Volume 4) (pp. 175-178). Gorgias Press. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463232405-" }, { "key": "ref5", "unstructured": "Disney, A. N. (1928). “Origin and development of the microscope”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, 26" }, { "key": "ref6", "doi": "10.1093/labmed/12.8.512", "unstructured": "Leftwich, M. A. (1981). “Historic Microscope Replicas”. Laboratory Medicine, 12 (8), 512-" }, { "key": "ref7", "unstructured": "Van Helden, A., Dupré, S., & van Gent, R. (2010). “The origins of the telescope”. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN: 978-90- 6984-615-6" }, { "key": "ref8", "unstructured": "Haden, R. L. (1939). “The Origin of the Microscope”. Annals of Medical History, 1, 30-" }, { "key": "ref9", "unstructured": "PMID: 33943451; PMCID: PMC7939666" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.5962/bhl.title.1389", "unstructured": "Carpenter, W. B., & Dallinger, W. H. (1901). “The Microscope and Its Revelations”. P. Blackiston’s Sons and Co, 122-125" }, { "key": "ref11", "unstructured": "Borel, P. (1656). “Observationum microscopicarum centuria”. Regis Chrisftianiffimi Medic Ordinareo. (in Spanish). https://www.europeana.eu/item/109/ https hispana_mcu_es_lod_oai_bvpb_mcu_ es_406798_ent0" }, { "key": "ref12", "unstructured": "Gillen, A., & Oliver, D. (2012). “Antony van leeuwenhoek: Creation magnified through his magnificent microscopes”. Faculty Publications and Presentations. https:// digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_ pubs/137" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1093/jhmas/xvi.1.18", "unstructured": "Bedini, S. A. (1961). “The optical workshop equipment of giuseppe campani”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 16 (1), 18-38. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/24620835" }, { "key": "ref14", "unstructured": "Hooke, R. (1964). “Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses”. London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, (first edition)" }, { "key": "ref15", "unstructured": "Gest, H. (2004). The discovery of microorganisms revisited. ASM News, 70 (6), 269-274" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.7788/boehlau.9783412323875", "unstructured": "Hellmuth, E., & Wolfgang, M. (2004). “Carl Zeiss in Jena, 1945-1990”. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN: 9783412111960" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.3171/2009.6.focus09120", "unstructured": "Uluç, K., Kujoth, G. C., & Başkaya, M. K. (2009). “Operating microscopes: Past, present, and future”. Neurosurgical Focus, 27(3), E4" }, { "key": "ref18", "unstructured": "Henker, O. (1928). “Objective-revolving nose piece for microscopes”. U.S. Patent No. 1,674,041" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.1017/s0025727300037716", "unstructured": "Bracegirdle, B. (1977). “J. J. Lister and the establishment of histology”. Medical History, 21 (2), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0025727300037716" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.2307/3221838", "unstructured": "Gage, S. H. (1920). “Modern dark-field microscopy and the history of its development”. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 39(2), 95-141. Figure32. The first commercial ESEM was exhibited in New Orleans by ElectroScan Corporation Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-16-9569-8_1", "unstructured": "Ortiz Ortega, E., Hosseinian, H., Rosales López, M. J., Rodríguez Vera, A., & Hosseini, S. (2022). “Characterization Techniques for Morphology Analysis”. In Material Characterization Techniques and Applications (pp. 1-45). Springer Singapore" }, { "key": "ref22", "unstructured": "Humphrey, A. T. (1992). “Lord Rayleigh-the last of the great Victorian polymaths”. GEC Review, 7 (3), 167-179" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1080/14786443408648474", "unstructured": "Talbot, W. H. F. (1834). “XLIV. Experiments on light”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 5(29), 321-334. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786443408648474" }, { "key": "ref24", "doi": "10.1007/bf02956173", "unstructured": "Abbe, E. (1873). “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung”. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie, 9(1), 413-468. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02956173" }, { "key": "ref25", "unstructured": "von Fraunhofer, J. (1814). “Denkschriften der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu München”. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 193-226" }, { "key": "ref26", "unstructured": "Zeiss, C. (1889). “Optiche Werkstätte” (Vol. 28). Fromannsche Buehdruckerei (Herman Pohle)" }, { "key": "ref27", "unstructured": "Riesenberg, H. (1988). “Handbuch der Mikroskopie”. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 24–107" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.1117/12.131980", "unstructured": "Broome,B. G. (1992) “Microscope objectives and their evolution to optical disk objectives”. Proc. SPIE 10263, Lens Design: A Critical Review, 102630H; https://doi. org/10.1117/12.131980" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.1515/aot-2019-0002", "unstructured": "Zhang, Y., & Gross, H. (2019). “Systematic design of microscope objectives. Part I: System review and analysis”. Advanced Optical Technologies, 8(5), 313-347. https://doi. org/10.1515/aot-2019-0002" }, { "key": "ref30", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x", "unstructured": "Zei Zeiss, C. (1878). “Description of Professor Abbe’s Apertometer, with Instructions for its Use”. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1, 19-22. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1878.tb05895.x" }, { "key": "ref31", "unstructured": "Kepler, J. (1611). “Dioptrice seu demonstratio eorum quae visui & visibilibus propter Conspicilla ita pridem inventa accidunt”. Davidis Franci. Reprint in Latin Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-1104789428" }, { "key": "ref32", "unstructured": "Malet, A. (2010). “Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and geometrical optics, 1611-1669”. The Origins of the Telescope, 281-300" }, { "key": "ref33", "doi": "10.1068/p100123", "unstructured": "Gregory, R. L. (1981). “Beyond sense and reason”. Perception, 10 (2), 123-126. https:// doi.org/10.1068/p100123" }, { "key": "ref34", "unstructured": "Wenham, F. H. (1853). “On the Application Binocular vision to the Microscope”. Transactions of the Microscopy Society of London" }, { "key": "ref35", "unstructured": "Beck, R. (2014). “125 years of comparison microscopy-From the ‘camera lucida’ to the Automated Comparison Bridge”. Leica Science Lab" }, { "key": "ref36", "unstructured": "Carl Zeiss. (1902). “Optiche Werkstätte” (32nd ed.). B Vopelius, Jena" }, { "key": "ref37", "unstructured": "Zsigmondy, R. (1909). “Colloids and the Ultramicroscope, a manual of Colloid Chemistry and Ultramicroscopy” (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chapman & Hall, London" }, { "key": "ref38", "unstructured": "Zsigmondy, R. A. (1926). “Properties of Colloids-Nobel Lecture”. Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941. Elsevier Publishing Company" }, { "key": "ref39", "unstructured": "Nomarski, G. (1952). “Interferential polarizing device for study of phase object”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "key": "ref40", "unstructured": "Smith, F. H. (1952). “Interference Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 2,601,175" }, { "key": "ref41", "unstructured": "Smith, F. H. (1955). “Microscopic Interferometry”. Research (London), 8, 385-" }, { "key": "ref42", "unstructured": "Nomarski, G. (1960). “Interferential Polarizing Device for Study of Phase Objects”. U.S. Patent, Number 2,924,142. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, USA" }, { "key": "ref43", "unstructured": "Allen, R. D., David, G. B., & Nomarski, G. (1969). “The Zeiss-Nomarski Differential Interference Equipment for Transmitted Light Microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 69, 193-221" }, { "key": "ref44", "unstructured": "2 Malus,E. L. (1809).“ Sur une propriété de la lumière réflécchie par les corps diaphanes.” Arcueil, Mém. De Phys. Ii. 142-58. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref45", "unstructured": "Étienne-Louis Malus, (1811). “Théorie de la double réfraction,” Mémoires présentés à l’Institut par divers savants étrangers, II, 447" }, { "key": "ref46", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1923.tb01380.x", "unstructured": "Cheshire, P. F. J. (1923). The President’s address: The early history of the polariscope, and the polarizing microscope. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 43(1), 1-18" }, { "key": "ref47", "unstructured": "Touret, J. (2012) “ Le microscope polarisant à l’assaut des montagnes.” Travaux du Comité français d’Histoire de la Géologie, 3ème série (tome 26, 4), pp.67-80. ⟨hal-01065569⟨" }, { "key": "ref48", "unstructured": "Zernicke, F. (1953). “Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 454-457" }, { "key": "ref49", "unstructured": "Gundlach, H. (2003). “Frits Zernike and Phase Contrast Microscopy: Celebrating 50 Years of Live Cell Analysis”, Microscopy and Analysis, 5-10" }, { "key": "ref50", "unstructured": "Zeiss (1949). “Großes Forchungsmikroskop LUPAN Beschreinbung und Gebrauchsanweisung”, Optik Carl Zeiss Jena VEB, Waren-Nr 371440" }, { "key": "ref51", "doi": "10.1177/004051754701700203", "unstructured": "Köhler, A., and Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method and Its Application to Microscopy”, Naturwissenschaften 29, 49-61 translated in Textile Research Journal, 17, 82-95 (Feb. 1947)" }, { "key": "ref52", "doi": "10.1007/bf02327345", "unstructured": "Loos, W., (1941). “The Phase Contrast Method in Biological Research”, Klinische Wochenschrift 20, 849-93" }, { "key": "ref53", "doi": "10.1007/bf01476461", "unstructured": "Michel, K., (1941). “The Representation of Chromosomes by Means of the Phase Contrast Method”. Naturwissenschaften 29, 61-2" }, { "key": "ref54", "unstructured": "Michel, K., (1943). “Phase Contrast Microscopy,” in Handbuch der wiss. u. angewandten Photographie, Wien, Springer, Supplementary Volume I, chapter entitled “Micrography,” pp. 546-55" }, { "key": "ref55", "doi": "10.1126/science.121.3141.345", "unstructured": "Zernike, F. (1955). “How I discovered phase contrast”. Science 121, 345-349" }, { "key": "ref56", "unstructured": "Zeiss C. (1935). “Verfahren zur Erh⟨hung der Lichtdurchl⟨ssigkeit opticher Teile durch Erniedrigung des Brechungsexponenten an dur Grenzfl⟨chen dieser optichen Teile”, Reichstentamt Patentchrift, Nr 685767 Klass 42h, Gruppe 1, Z22836IXa/42h" }, { "key": "ref57", "doi": "10.1017/cbo9780511529672", "unstructured": "Paul, H. W. (1985). “From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860- 1939”. Cambridge University Press. https:// doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529672" }, { "key": "ref58", "unstructured": "Smith, J. L. (1852). “The inverted microscope-a new form of microscope”. American Journal of Science and Arts, 14, 233-241" }, { "key": "ref59", "unstructured": "A. Nachet. (1886). “Descriptif des instruments de micrograpie constuis par”. Maison Nachet & Fils, Vol 1, Paris" }, { "key": "ref60", "doi": "10.1086/351546", "unstructured": "Cassedy, J. H. (1976). “The microscope in American Medical Science, 1840-1860”. History of Science, 67(1), 76-97" }, { "key": "ref61", "unstructured": "Smith, J. L. (1873). “Mineraloggy and Chemistry, Original Researches”. Printed by John P Morton and Company, Loisville, KY" }, { "key": "ref62", "doi": "10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005", "unstructured": "Desch, C. H. (1938). Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850-1936. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 2(6), 251–259. http://www. jstor.org/stable/769060" }, { "key": "ref63", "unstructured": "VEB Carl Zeiss. (1953). “Neophot”. Druckschriften-Nr. CZ 30-675a-1, Jena" }, { "key": "ref64", "unstructured": "Anderson, A. J. O. (1982). “Sahagún: Career and Character”. Florentine Codex: The General History of the Things of New Spain, Introductions and Indices. University of Utah Press" }, { "key": "ref65", "doi": "10.1098/rstl.1845.0004", "unstructured": "Herschel, J. F. W. (1845). “On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, 135, 143-145" }, { "key": "ref66", "doi": "10.1098/rstl.1852.0022", "unstructured": "Stokes, G. G. (1852). “On the change of refrangibility of light”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 142, 463-562" }, { "key": "ref67", "unstructured": "Garfield, S. (2001). “Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color that Changed the World”. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978- 0393020052" }, { "key": "ref68", "unstructured": "Helmholtz, H. (1874). “Die theoretischen Grenzen für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mikroskope”. Annalen der Physik, 557-584" }, { "key": "ref69", "doi": "10.1055/s-0029-1196319", "unstructured": "Ehrlich P. (1882). “Ueber provocirte fluorescenzerscheinungen am auge”. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 8:21, Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY doi:10.1055/s-0029-1196319" }, { "key": "ref70", "doi": "10.1136/jcp.6.4.273", "unstructured": "McClure, D. M., (1953). “The Development of Fluorescence Microscopy for Tubercle Bacilli and its Use as an Adjunct to Histological Routine”., Journal of Clinical Pathology; Vol. 6, Iss. 4, 273. DOI:10.1136/jcp.6.4.273" }, { "key": "ref71", "doi": "10.1161/01.cir.24.1.82", "unstructured": "Novotny, H. R., & Alvis, D. L. (1961). “A method of photographing fluorescence in circulating blood in the human retina”. Circulation, 24, 82-86" }, { "key": "ref72", "unstructured": "Same, P. J. (1993). “Landmarks in the Historical Development of Fluorescein Angiography”. Journal of Ophthalmic Photography, 15 (1), 17-23" }, { "key": "ref73", "unstructured": "Köhler R, (1893). “Ein neues Beleuchtungsverfahren für mikrophotographische Zwecke”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und für Mikroskopische Technik. 10 (4): 433–440" }, { "key": "ref74", "doi": "10.1002/andp.18712190504", "unstructured": "E. Lommel (1875). “Uber Fluorescenz”, Annalen der Physik (1871-1880)" }, { "key": "ref75", "doi": "10.5962/bhl.title.14249", "unstructured": "Harvey, E. N. (1957). A history of luminescence from the earliest times until 1900. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, v. 44" }, { "key": "ref76", "doi": "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003082", "unstructured": "Masters, B. R. (2008). History of the optical microscope in cell biology and medicine. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 8" }, { "key": "ref77", "unstructured": "Heimstadt, O. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28, 330-337" }, { "key": "ref78", "unstructured": "Lehmann, H. (1913). “Das Lumineszenz-Mikroskop, seine Grundlagen und seine Anwendungen“. Zeitschr. Wissensch. Mikrosk. 30, 418–470" }, { "key": "ref79", "doi": "10.1016/b978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4", "unstructured": "Sluder, G., & Nordberg, J. J. (2013). “Microscope Basics”. In Methods in Cell Biology (Vol. 114, pp. 1-10). Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124077614 https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-407761-4.00001-4" }, { "key": "ref80", "unstructured": "Reichert, K. (1911). “Das Fluoreszenzmikroskop”. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12, 1010-1011" }, { "key": "ref81", "doi": "10.4049/jimmunol.45.3.159", "unstructured": "Coons, A. H, Creech, H. J., Jones, N. R., & Berliner, E. (1942). “The Demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody”. Journal of Immunology, 45, 159-170" }, { "key": "ref82", "unstructured": "Fischer, J. G. (1911). “Fluorescence microscopy”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, 28. - Garrison & Morton No. 269.2" }, { "key": "ref83", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4", "unstructured": "Davidson, L., & Keller, R. (2001). “Basics of a Light Microscopy Imaging System and Its Application in Biology”. Methods in Cellular Imaging. 1-45. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_4" }, { "key": "ref84", "doi": "10.1007/bf01946036", "unstructured": "Ellinger, P. H., & Hirt, A. (1929). “Mikroskopische beobachtungen an lebenden organen mit demonstrationen (Intravitalmikroskopie)”. Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 147(1-3), 63-63. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01946036" }, { "key": "ref85", "doi": "10.1002/jpln.19530630206", "unstructured": "Burrichter, E. (1953). “Beiträge zur Beurteilung von Böden auf Grund fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Untersuchung ihrer Mikroflora”. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde, 63(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jpln.19530630206" }, { "key": "ref86", "unstructured": "Ploem, J. S. (1967). “The use of a vertical illuminator with interchangeable dichroic mirrors for fluorescence microscopy with incidental light”. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und Mikroskopische Technik, 68 (3), 129-142" }, { "key": "ref87", "unstructured": "Minsky, M. (1961). “Minsky’s microscopy apparatus”. US Patent 3,013,467" }, { "key": "ref88", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.68434", "unstructured": "Patil-Takbhate, B., Takbhate, R., Khopkar-Kale, P., & Tripathy, S. (2024). “Marvin minsky: The visionary behind the confocal microscope and the father of artificial intelligence”. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68434" }, { "key": "ref89", "doi": "10.1002/0471732877.emd291", "unstructured": "Claxton, N. S., Fellers, T. J., & Davidson, M. W. (2006). “Laser scanning confocal microscopy”. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 21 (1), 1-37" }, { "key": "ref90", "doi": "10.1038/530282a", "unstructured": "Winston, P. (2016) “Marvin L. Minsky” (1927--2016). Nature, 530, 282. https://doi. org/10.1038/530282a" }, { "key": "ref91", "doi": "10.1163/9789004460409_mor2-b20773262", "unstructured": "Airy, G. B. (1835). “On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture”. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 5, 283-291" }, { "key": "ref92", "unstructured": "Petran, M., & Hardravsky, M. (1970). “Method and arrangement for improving the Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY resolving power and contrast”. U.S. Patent No. 3,517,980" }, { "key": "ref93", "unstructured": "Petran, M., Hardravsky, M., & Maly, M. (1990). “Arrangement for illumination and scanning of an object by means of a scanning disc similar to a Nipkow disk”. U.S. Patent No. 4,917,478" }, { "key": "ref94", "doi": "10.1126/science.157.3786.305", "unstructured": "Egger, M. D., & Petráň, M. (1967). “New reflected-light microscope for viewing unstained brain and ganglion cells”. Science, 157 (3786), 305-307. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.157.3786.305" }, { "key": "ref95", "unstructured": "Goldstein, S. R. (1987). “Confocal laser scanning microscope with no moving parts”. U.S. Patent No. 4,827,125" }, { "key": "ref96", "doi": "10.1038/223831a0", "unstructured": "Davidovits, P., & Egger, M. D. (1969). “Scanning laser microscope”. Nature, 223 (5208), 831-" }, { "key": "ref97", "doi": "10.1038/223831a0", "unstructured": "https://doi.org/10.1038/223831a0" }, { "key": "ref98", "doi": "10.1080/713819421", "unstructured": "Sheppard, C. J. R., & Choudhury, A. (1977). “Image formation in the scanning microscope”. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, 24 (10), 1051-1073" }, { "key": "ref99", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb01178.x", "unstructured": "Brakenhoff, G. J., Blom, P., & Barends, P. (1979). “Confocal Scanning Light Microscopy with High Aperture Immersion Lenses”. Journal of Microscopy, 117, 219-232" }, { "key": "ref100", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4757-5348-6", "unstructured": "Pawley, J. B. (1995). “Handbook of biological confocal microscopy” (2nd ed.). Plenum Press. ISBN: 0-306-448262" }, { "key": "ref101", "doi": "10.1080/14786449708621070", "unstructured": "Thomson, J. J. (1897). “Cathode Rays”. Philosophical Magazine, 44(269), 293-316" }, { "key": "ref102", "unstructured": "Thomson, J. J. (1906). “In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”. NobelPrize.org. https://www. nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1906/ summary" }, { "key": "ref103", "doi": "10.1002/anie.200602651", "unstructured": "Thomas, J. M. (2006). “J. J. Thomson: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics 1906”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45 (41), 6797-6800" }, { "key": "ref104", "doi": "10.1080/14786441308634955", "unstructured": "Bohr, N. (1913). “On the constitution of atoms and molecules”. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 26, 1-25" }, { "key": "ref105", "doi": "10.1080/14786442408634378", "unstructured": "de Broglie, L. (1924). XXXV. “A tentative theory of light quanta”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 47(278), 446-458. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786442408634378" }, { "key": "ref106", "unstructured": "de Broglie, L. V. (1929). “For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”. NobelPrize. org. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/ physics/1929/summary" }, { "key": "ref107", "doi": "10.1038/119558a0", "unstructured": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel”. Nature, 119(2998), 558. https://doi. org/10.1038/119558a0 S2CID: 4104602" }, { "key": "ref108", "doi": "10.1103/physrev.30.705", "unstructured": "Davisson, C., & Germer, L. H. (1927). “Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel”. Physical Review, 30(6), 705-740. https://doi. org/10.1103/PhysRev.30.705 ISSN: 0031- 899X" }, { "key": "ref109", "unstructured": "Davisson, C. J., & Thomson, G. P. (1937). “For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/ summary" }, { "key": "ref110", "doi": "10.1002/andp.19263862507", "unstructured": "Busch, H. (1926). “Berechnung der Bahn von Kathodenstrahlen im axialsymmetrischen elektromagnetischen Felde”. Annalen der Physik, 386(25), 974-993. https://doi. org/10.1002/andp.19263862507" }, { "key": "ref111", "unstructured": "De Broglie, L. (1923). “Onde et quanta”. Compte Rendus, 177, 507-510" }, { "key": "ref112", "unstructured": "Kracklauer, A. F. (1974). “On the Imaginable content of De Broglie waves”. Scientia (Milano), 109, 111-120" }, { "key": "ref113", "unstructured": "Gabor, D. (1971). “For his invention and development of the holographic method”. NobelPrize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/ prizes/physics/1971/summary" }, { "key": "ref114", "doi": "10.1007/bf01243399", "unstructured": "Ruska, H., von Borries, B., & Ruska, E. (1940). “Die Bedeutung der Übermikroskopie für die Virusforschung”. Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 1, 155-169" }, { "key": "ref115", "doi": "10.1103/revmodphys.59.627", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1987). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. Reviews of Modern Physics, 59, 627. https://doi.org/10.1103/ RevModPhys.59.627" }, { "key": "ref116", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1986). “For his development of the electron microscope”. NobelPrize.org. https:// www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/ summary/" }, { "key": "ref117", "unstructured": "Knoll, M. (1929). “Vorrichtung zur Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY Konzentrierung des Elektronenstrahls eines Kathoden-strahloszillographen”. German Patent No. 690809. Granted on 11 April 1940" }, { "key": "ref118", "unstructured": "Ruska, E., & Knoll, M. (1931). “Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389-400" }, { "key": "ref119", "doi": "10.1007/bf01342199", "unstructured": "Knoll, M., & Ruska, E. (1932). “Das Elektronenmikroskop”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 78, 318-339" }, { "key": "ref120", "doi": "10.1016/b978-0-12-800146-2.00001-1", "unstructured": "Gelderblom, H. R., & Kruger, D. H. (2014). “Helmut Ruska (1908-1973): His Role in the Evolution of Electron Microscopy in the Life Sciences, and Especially Virology”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 182, 1-94. ISSN: 1076-5670 ISBN: 9780128001462" }, { "key": "ref121", "unstructured": "Frank, J. (2019). “The Electron Microscope-from a sketch in 1931 to reality”. Frank Lab News" }, { "key": "ref122", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(08)70041-7", "unstructured": "Schimmel, G. (1996). “The History of the German Society for Electron Microscopy”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 96, 149-170. ISBN: 9780120147380" }, { "key": "ref123", "unstructured": "Ruska, E. (1988). “The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy”. EMSA Bulletin, 18 (2), 53-61" }, { "key": "ref124", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(01)80098-7", "unstructured": "Hawkes, P. (2001). “A souvenir of Philips electron microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 115, 355-361. ISBN: 9780120147571 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(01)80098-7" }, { "key": "ref125", "doi": "10.1007/978-4-431-54448-7_2", "unstructured": "Yoshimura, N. (2014). “History of JEOL Electron Microscopes”. In Historical Evolution Toward Achieving Ultrahigh Vacuum in JEOL Electron Microscopes (pp. 11-23)" }, { "key": "ref126", "doi": "10.1002/ar.1091170403", "unstructured": "Porter, K. R., & Blum, J. (1953). “A Study in Microtomey for Electron Microscopy”. Anatomical Record, 117, 685-710. https:// doi.org/10" }, { "key": "ref127", "doi": "10.1084/jem.95.3.285", "unstructured": "Pade, G. E. (1952). “A study of fixation for electron microscopy”. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 95(3), 285-298. PMID: 14927794; PMCID: PMC2212069" }, { "key": "ref128", "unstructured": "Claude, A., de Duve, C., & Palade, G. E. (1974). “For their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”. NobelPrize.org" }, { "key": "ref129", "unstructured": "Stintzing H. (19290 Verfahren und Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweiss, Messung und Zählung von Einzellteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse. German patent No 485155 (1929a)" }, { "key": "ref130", "unstructured": "Stintzing, H. (1929). “Einrichtung zum automatischen Nachweis, Messung und Zählung von Einzelteilchen beliebiger Art, Form und Grösse nach Patent 485155, insbesondere zur Erzeugung sehr enger Strahlenbündel”. German Patent No. 485156" }, { "key": "ref131", "unstructured": "Knoll, M. (1935). “Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 16, 467-475" }, { "key": "ref132", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1937). “Improvements in electron microscopes”. British Patent No. 511204. Convention date (Germany) 18 Feb 1937" }, { "key": "ref133", "doi": "10.1007/bf01341584", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop. Theoretische Grundlagen”. Zeitschrift für Physik, 109, 553-572" }, { "key": "ref134", "doi": "10.1007/bf01341584", "unstructured": "von Ardenne, M. (1938). “Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop Praktische Ausführung”. Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 19, 407-416" }, { "key": "ref135", "doi": "10.1038/scientificamerican0942-111", "unstructured": "Zworykin, V. K. (1942). “New Scanning Electron Microscope revealed to Engineers”. Radio-Craft, Special Radio War number, September. Ed. Gernsback H. Radcraft Publications, Inc" }, { "key": "ref136", "doi": "10.1063/1.331666", "unstructured": "Oatley, C. W. (1982). “The early history of the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Applied Physics, 53 (2)" }, { "key": "ref137", "unstructured": "Baxter A.S., (1949) “Detection and analysis of low energy disintegration particles”. PhD Diss., Cambridge U" }, { "key": "ref138", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (1952). “Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes” [Doctoral dissertation]. Cambridge University" }, { "key": "ref139", "doi": "10.1016/j.phpro.2008.07.073", "unstructured": "Smith, K. C. A., Wells, O. C., & McMullan, D. (2008). “The fiftieth anniversary of the first applications of the scanning electron microscope in materials research”. Physics Procedia, 3-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. phpro.2008.07.073" }, { "key": "ref140", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (1953). “An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens”. Proc. Inst. Electr. Engrs. 100, Part II, 245–259. Stephanus H Coetzee, HISTORIC MILESTONES ON THE PATH OF THE BIRTH OF MICROSCOPY FROM LIGHT TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE. PART1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY" }, { "key": "ref141", "doi": "10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1", "unstructured": "McMullan, D. (2008). “The Early Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope”. In Biological Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-0-387-72972-5_1" }, { "key": "ref142", "doi": "10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61010-0", "unstructured": "Oatley, C. W., Nixon W. C., & Pease R. F. W. (1965). “Scanning electron microscopy”. Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 21, 181–247" }, { "key": "ref143", "doi": "10.1088/0950-7671/37/7/307", "unstructured": "Everhart T. E. & R Thornley F. M. (1960) “Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents “ J. Sci. Instrum. 37 246" }, { "key": "ref144", "doi": "10.1007/978-1-4615-0215-9", "unstructured": "Goldstein, J., Newbury, D.E., Joy, D.C., et al. (2003) “Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis”. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 550" }, { "key": "ref145", "doi": "10.1016/s1076-5670(09)59004-0", "unstructured": "Inada, H., Kakibayashi, H., Isakozawa, S., Hashimoto, T., Yaguchi, T., & Nakamura, K. (2009). “Hitachi’s Development of Cold-Field Emission Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes”. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 159, 123-186. ISBN: 9780123749864 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1076-5670(09)59004-0" }, { "key": "ref146", "unstructured": "Castaing, R. (1951). “Application of electron probes to local chemical and crystallographic analysis” [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Paris" }, { "key": "ref147", "doi": "10.1038/1771172b0", "unstructured": "Cosslett, V. E., & Duncumb, P. (1956). “Microanalysis by a flying-spot X-ray method”. Nature, 177, 1172-1173" }, { "key": "ref148", "unstructured": "Duncumb, P., & Cosslett, V. E. (1957). “A scanning microscope for X-ray emission pictures”. In X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography. 374-380. Academic Press" }, { "key": "ref149", "doi": "10.1017/s1431927617005761", "unstructured": "Camus, P., & Nylese, T. (2017). “More Than 50 Years of Influence On Microanalysis”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 23(S1), 1020-1021. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1431927617005761" }, { "key": "ref150", "doi": "10.1126/science.159.3814.528", "unstructured": "Fitzgerald, R., Keil, K., & Heinrich, K. F. (1968). “Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe x-ray analysis”. Science, 159 (3814), 528-530. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.159.3814.528" }, { "key": "ref151", "doi": "10.1017/s1431927606060211", "unstructured": "Friel, J. J., & Lyman, C. E. (2006). “X-ray mapping in electron-beam instruments”. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 12 (1), 2-25" }, { "key": "ref152", "doi": "10.1016/0047-7206(82)90006-1", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D., & Postle, R. (1982). “The environmental scanning microscope and its applications”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1, 1-16" }, { "key": "ref153", "unstructured": "Pfefferkorn, G. E., Gruter, H., & Pfatusch, M. (1972). “Observations on the prevention of specimen charging”. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 147-152" }, { "key": "ref154", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1975.tb04538.x", "unstructured": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “Wet stage modification to a scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Microscopy, 103, 71-" }, { "key": "ref155", "doi": "10.1088/0022-3735/8/8/009", "unstructured": "Robinson, V. N. E. (1975). “The elimination of charging artifacts in the scanning electron microscope”. Journal of Physics E, 8, 638-640" }, { "key": "ref156", "doi": "10.1002/sca.4950020202", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D., & Robinson, V. N. E. (1979). “Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy at High Specimen Chamber Pressures”. Scanning, 2, 72-82" }, { "key": "ref157", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “Gaseous detector device for an environmental electron probe microanalyzer”. *Research Disclosure No. 23311*, 284" }, { "key": "ref158", "doi": "10.1016/0047-7206(83)90002-x", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1983). “A gaseous detector device for an environmental SEM”. Micron and Microscopica Acta, 14, 307-319" }, { "key": "ref159", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1986). “Method and Apparatus for an Atmospheric Scanning electron Microscope”. U.S. Patent No. 4,596,928" }, { "key": "ref160", "unstructured": "Danilatos, G. D. (1989). “Multipurpose gaseous detector device for electron microscope “. U.S. Patent No. 4,992,662" }, { "key": "ref161", "doi": "10.1002/jemt.1070250503", "unstructured": "Danilatos, X. G. D. (1993). “Introduction to the ESEM instrument”. Microscopy Research and Technique, 25, 354-361" }, { "key": "ref162", "doi": "10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008", "unstructured": "Bogner, A., Jouneau, P. H., Thollet, G., Basset, D., & Gauthier, C. (2007). “A History of Scanning Electron Microscopy Developments: Towards ‘Wet-STEM’ Imaging”. Micron, 38, 390-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. micron.2006.06.008" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-08-27", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/1364", "sha256_before": "30c841dfa96b30d831c1fd38e79e35e96b5e377b3f3cafd7fe05b8d57c64dc5b", "sha256_after": "85d070811a135c4511853b3f491bcd2a9fdec1453ad4a8ede0911e1846a4ceb1" } ] }