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To overcome these issues, weproposeadepthcontrolledwithenergy-balancedroutingprotocol,whichwillbeabletoadjustthe depthoflowerenergynodesandbeable to swap the lower energy nodes with higher energy nodes to ensure consistent energy utilization. The proposed energy-efficientrouting protocol is based on an Genetically updated Algorithm and data fusion technique. In the proposed energy-efficient routing protocol,an existing genetic algorithm is enhanced by adding an encoding strategy, a crossover procedure, and an improved mutation operation thathelps determine the nodes. The pro-posed model also utilized an enhancedback propagation neural network for data fusion operation,which is based on multi-hop system and also operates a highly optimized momentum technique, which helps to choose only optimumenergy nodes and avoid duplicate selections that help to improve the overall energy and further reduce the quantity of data transmission.In the remaining energy and directions of each participating node. 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IEEE Access 2021; 11(2): 114–127" }, { "path": "references.13.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s10776-021-00510-1" }, { "path": "references.13.key", "from": null, "to": "ref14" }, { "path": "references.13.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Hossain A, Karmaker A and Alam MS. Alow latency MAC protocol with reducedhandshaking for spatial pro- visioning fairness in underwater sensor network. IntJ Wirel Inf Netw 2021; 28(2): 147–161" }, { "path": "references.14.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s11276-021-02880-z" }, { "path": "references.14.key", "from": null, "to": "ref15" }, { "path": "references.14.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ismail AS, Wang XF, Hawbani A, et al. Routing proto- cols classification forunderwater wireless sensor net- works based on localization and mobility. Wirel Netw 2022; 28: 797–826" }, { "path": "references.15.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s11276-017-1591-1" }, { "path": "references.15.key", "from": null, "to": "ref16" }, { "path": "references.15.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Javaid N, Shakeel U, Ahmad A, et al. DRADS: depth and reliability aware delay sensitive cooperative routing for underwater wireless sensor networks. Wirel Netw 2019; 25(2): 777–" }, { "path": "references.16.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s11036-018-1093-0" }, { "path": "references.16.key", "from": null, "to": "ref17" }, { "path": "references.16.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Hao K, Shen H, Liu Y, et al. Integrating localization and energy-awareness: a novel geographic routingprotocol for underwater wireless sensor networks.Mobile Netw Appl 2018; 23(5): 1427–1435" }, { "path": "references.17.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s11276-017-1461-x" }, { "path": "references.17.key", "from": null, "to": "ref18" }, { "path": "references.17.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Khasawneh A, Bin MS, Abdlatiff O, et al. A reliable energy- efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network. Wirel Netw 2018; 24(6): 2061–2075" }, { "path": "references.18.key", "from": null, "to": "ref19" }, { "path": "references.18.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Lilhore UK, Saurabh P and Verma B. A new approach to overcome problem of congestion in" }, { "path": "references.2.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.4018/ijwnbt.2021070105" }, { "path": "references.2.key", "from": null, "to": "ref3" }, { "path": "references.2.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ahmed B, Cherif MA and Hacene SB. A cross-layer pre- dictive and preemptive routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks using the Lagrange Int J Wirel Netw Broadband Technol 2021; 10(2):78–99" }, { "path": "references.3.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.2991/ijcis.d.191203.001" }, { "path": "references.3.key", "from": null, "to": "ref4" }, { "path": "references.3.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Teekaraman Y, Praneshsthapit M and Kim K. Energy analysis on localization free routingprotocols in UWSNs. Int J Comput Intell Syst 2019; 12(2): 1526–1526" }, { "path": "references.4.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.04.007" }, { "path": "references.4.key", "from": null, "to": "ref5" }, { "path": "references.4.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Goyal N, Dave M and Verma AK. Data aggregation in underwater wireless sensor network: recent approaches and issues. J King Saud Universi Comput Inform Sci 2019; 31(3): 275–286" }, { "path": "references.5.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1155/2015/891410" }, { "path": "references.5.key", "from": null, "to": "ref6" }, { "path": "references.5.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Ahmed S, Javaid N, Khan F, et al. Co-UWSN: coopera- tive energy-efficient protocol for underwater WSNs. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 2015; 11(4): 891410891410" }, { "path": "references.6.key", "from": null, "to": "ref7" }, { "path": "references.6.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Osamah I and Khalaf G. An improved efficient band- width allocation usingTCP connection for switched net- work. J Appl Scie Eng 2021; 24(5): 1056–1068" }, { "path": "references.7.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1109/icacite51222.2021.9404652" }, { "path": "references.7.key", "from": null, "to": "ref8" }, { "path": "references.7.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Nain M and Goyal N. Localization techniques in under- water wireless sensornetwork. In: 2021 international con-ference on advance computing and innovative technologies in engineering (ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, 4–5 March 2021, pp. 2241–2259. New York: IEEE" }, { "path": "references.8.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1007/s11276-021-02837-2" }, { "path": "references.8.key", "from": null, "to": "ref9" }, { "path": "references.8.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Li S, Xu H, Zhao S, et al. An adaptive multi-zone geo- graphic routing protocol for underwater Fig-12: Graph throughput versus of nodes (for radius of10km) Fig-13: Network transmission loss results versus network radius DOI:https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2024.v9.i4.pp59-7354 A. NAGA SUMAN. V.N.V.S. GEETHASRI, A. SAI : A ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR EFFICIENTL Y MANAGING ENERGY IN UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH DEPTH CONTROL acoustic sensor networks. Wirel Netw 2022; 28(1): 209–223" }, { "path": "references.9.doi", "from": null, "to": "10.1002/dac.3303" }, { "path": "references.9.key", "from": null, "to": "ref10" }, { "path": "references.9.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Chao CM, Jiang CH and Li WC. DRP: anenergy- efficient routing protocol for underwater sensor net- works. 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In underwater wireless sensor network, manysensor nodes are distributed at different depths in the sea. Due to its complex nature, updating their location or adding new devices ispretty challenging. Due to the constraints on energy storage of underwater wireless sensor network end devices and the complexity ofrepairing or recharging the device underwater, this is highly significant to strengthen the energy performance of underwater wirelesssensor network. An imbalance in power usage can cause poor performance and a limited network lifetime. To overcome these issues, weproposeadepthcontrolledwithenergy-balancedroutingprotocol,whichwillbeabletoadjustthe depthoflowerenergynodesandbeable to swap the lower energy nodes with higher energy nodes to ensure consistent energy utilization. The proposed energy-efficientrouting protocol is based on an Genetically updated Algorithm and data fusion technique. In the proposed energy-efficient routing protocol,an existing genetic algorithm is enhanced by adding an encoding strategy, a crossover procedure, and an improved mutation operation thathelps determine the nodes. The pro-posed model also utilized an enhancedback propagation neural network for data fusion operation,which is based on multi-hop system and also operates a highly optimized momentum technique, which helps to choose only optimumenergy nodes and avoid duplicate selections that help to improve the overall energy and further reduce the quantity of data transmission.In the remaining energy and directions of each participating node. In the simulation, the proposed model achieves 86.7% packet deliveryratio,keepingtheenergyusageat12.6%and10.5%packetlossratio", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2024-04-13", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1109/tmc.2010.28", "unstructured": "Hu T and Fei Y. QELAR: Amachine-learningbased adaptive routing protocol for energyefficient and life-time- extended underwater sensor networks. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 2010; 9(6): 796–809" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.3390/s21020627", "unstructured": "Nguyen NT, Le TTT, Nguyen HH, et al. Energyefficient clustering multi-hop routingprotocol in a UWSN. Sen- sors 2021; 21(2): 627–627" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.4018/ijwnbt.2021070105", "unstructured": "Ahmed B, Cherif MA and Hacene SB. A cross-layer pre- dictive and preemptive routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks using the Lagrange Int J Wirel Netw Broadband Technol 2021; 10(2):78–99" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.2991/ijcis.d.191203.001", "unstructured": "Teekaraman Y, Praneshsthapit M and Kim K. Energy analysis on localization free routingprotocols in UWSNs. Int J Comput Intell Syst 2019; 12(2): 1526–1526" }, { "key": "ref5", "doi": "10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.04.007", "unstructured": "Goyal N, Dave M and Verma AK. Data aggregation in underwater wireless sensor network: recent approaches and issues. J King Saud Universi Comput Inform Sci 2019; 31(3): 275–286" }, { "key": "ref6", "doi": "10.1155/2015/891410", "unstructured": "Ahmed S, Javaid N, Khan F, et al. Co-UWSN: coopera- tive energy-efficient protocol for underwater WSNs. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 2015; 11(4): 891410891410" }, { "key": "ref7", "unstructured": "Osamah I and Khalaf G. An improved efficient band- width allocation usingTCP connection for switched net- work. J Appl Scie Eng 2021; 24(5): 1056–1068" }, { "key": "ref8", "doi": "10.1109/icacite51222.2021.9404652", "unstructured": "Nain M and Goyal N. Localization techniques in under- water wireless sensornetwork. In: 2021 international con-ference on advance computing and innovative technologies in engineering (ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, 4–5 March 2021, pp. 2241–2259. New York: IEEE" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1007/s11276-021-02837-2", "unstructured": "Li S, Xu H, Zhao S, et al. An adaptive multi-zone geo- graphic routing protocol for underwater Fig-12: Graph throughput versus of nodes (for radius of10km) Fig-13: Network transmission loss results versus network radius DOI:https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2024.v9.i4.pp59-7354 A. NAGA SUMAN. V.N.V.S. GEETHASRI, A. SAI : A ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR EFFICIENTL Y MANAGING ENERGY IN UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH DEPTH CONTROL acoustic sensor networks. Wirel Netw 2022; 28(1): 209–223" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.1002/dac.3303", "unstructured": "Chao CM, Jiang CH and Li WC. DRP: anenergy- efficient routing protocol for underwater sensor net- works. Int J Commun Syst 2017; 30(15): 3303–3331" }, { "key": "ref11", "doi": "10.1177/1550147716681793", "unstructured": "Liu J, Du D and Guo D. A clustering approach for error beacon filtering in underwater wireless sensor net- works. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 2016; 12(12): 15501477 16681793" }, { "key": "ref12", "doi": "10.1177/1550147718772538", "unstructured": "Wen J, Li D, Liu L, et al. An estimated Hungarian method for data forwarding problem in underwater wire- less sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sens Netw2018; 14(5): 155014771877253" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1109/access.2021.3133882", "unstructured": "Srilakshmi U, Veeraiah N, Alotaibi Y, et al. An improved hybrid securemultipath routing protocol for MANET. IEEE Access 2021; 11(2): 114–127" }, { "key": "ref14", "doi": "10.1007/s10776-021-00510-1", "unstructured": "Hossain A, Karmaker A and Alam MS. Alow latency MAC protocol with reducedhandshaking for spatial pro- visioning fairness in underwater sensor network. IntJ Wirel Inf Netw 2021; 28(2): 147–161" }, { "key": "ref15", "doi": "10.1007/s11276-021-02880-z", "unstructured": "Ismail AS, Wang XF, Hawbani A, et al. Routing proto- cols classification forunderwater wireless sensor net- works based on localization and mobility. Wirel Netw 2022; 28: 797–826" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.1007/s11276-017-1591-1", "unstructured": "Javaid N, Shakeel U, Ahmad A, et al. DRADS: depth and reliability aware delay sensitive cooperative routing for underwater wireless sensor networks. Wirel Netw 2019; 25(2): 777–" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1007/s11036-018-1093-0", "unstructured": "Hao K, Shen H, Liu Y, et al. Integrating localization and energy-awareness: a novel geographic routingprotocol for underwater wireless sensor networks.Mobile Netw Appl 2018; 23(5): 1427–1435" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.1007/s11276-017-1461-x", "unstructured": "Khasawneh A, Bin MS, Abdlatiff O, et al. A reliable energy- efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network. Wirel Netw 2018; 24(6): 2061–2075" }, { "key": "ref19", "unstructured": "Lilhore UK, Saurabh P and Verma B. A new approach to overcome problem of congestion in" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-08-27", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/52", "sha256_before": null, "sha256_after": "e41fe146679c4099e3306d3f7c6ca56ed312acaa3543f2f27252eaf714b97964" }, { "seq": 2, "kind": "update", "at": "2026-09-29 23:59:52", "by": "Administrator (admin)", "by_kind": "user", "note": "record re-read from api.crossref.org", "changes": [ { "path": "container.titles.0.value", "from": "Journal of Science & Technology", "to": "Journal of Science & Technology" } ], "record_after": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2024.v9.i4.pp59-73", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "A ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR EFFICIENTLY MANAGING ENERGY IN UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH DEPTH CONTROL", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2024.v9.i4.pp59-73" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "Mr.A.NAGASUMAN" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "V.N.V.S.GEETHASRI" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "A.SAIPAVAN" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "V.S.HARIKA" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "A.Y.V.KRISHNA" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2024-04-13", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2024-04-13" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "volume": "09", "issue": "04", "pages": { "first": "59", "last": "73" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/52", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/52/43", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/52/1349", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" }, { "url": "https://jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/52/43", "purpose": "similarity-checking" } ], "abstract": { "value": "In Underwater wireless sensor network attracted massive attention from researchers. In underwater wireless sensor network, manysensor nodes are distributed at different depths in the sea. Due to its complex nature, updating their location or adding new devices ispretty challenging. Due to the constraints on energy storage of underwater wireless sensor network end devices and the complexity ofrepairing or recharging the device underwater, this is highly significant to strengthen the energy performance of underwater wirelesssensor network. An imbalance in power usage can cause poor performance and a limited network lifetime. To overcome these issues, weproposeadepthcontrolledwithenergy-balancedroutingprotocol,whichwillbeabletoadjustthe depthoflowerenergynodesandbeable to swap the lower energy nodes with higher energy nodes to ensure consistent energy utilization. The proposed energy-efficientrouting protocol is based on an Genetically updated Algorithm and data fusion technique. In the proposed energy-efficient routing protocol,an existing genetic algorithm is enhanced by adding an encoding strategy, a crossover procedure, and an improved mutation operation thathelps determine the nodes. The pro-posed model also utilized an enhancedback propagation neural network for data fusion operation,which is based on multi-hop system and also operates a highly optimized momentum technique, which helps to choose only optimumenergy nodes and avoid duplicate selections that help to improve the overall energy and further reduce the quantity of data transmission.In the remaining energy and directions of each participating node. In the simulation, the proposed model achieves 86.7% packet deliveryratio,keepingtheenergyusageat12.6%and10.5%packetlossratio", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2024-04-13", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1109/tmc.2010.28", "unstructured": "Hu T and Fei Y. 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A new approach to overcome problem of congestion in" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-08-27", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/52", "sha256_before": "e41fe146679c4099e3306d3f7c6ca56ed312acaa3543f2f27252eaf714b97964", "sha256_after": "0900482f6000511ed97ea0574474c7d0255ed2e128ecdeffbdaba8f3ba1c700a" } ] }