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Moreover, an experiment was conducted from March-April 2007 on the science course “Butterfly andEcology” at an elementary school in Taiwan. There were two teachers and 35 students participated inthe experiment. Findings – EXperimental results showed that the e-library developed with the innovative approach isable to effectively support the training of observation and classification skills for elementary school students. Research limitations/implications – Currently, the innovative approach has only been applied to the training of observation and classification knowledge. Further studies will be needed to assist teachers in defining metadata of e-libraries for other educational objectives, such as “analysis” (the ability to separate material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure maybe understood), “synthesis” (the ability to put parts together to form a new whole) and “evaluation” (the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose). Originality/value – With the innovative approach, personalized supports can be provided as a guide for students’ learning. 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Design/methodology/approach – A knowledge engineering approach is proposed to assist teachers in defining metadata of elibraries to meet the need of training observation and classification skills. Based on the innovative approach, an e-library of butterfly and ecology has been developed. Moreover, an experiment was conducted from March-April 2007 on the science course “Butterfly andEcology” at an elementary school in Taiwan. There were two teachers and 35 students participated inthe experiment. Findings – EXperimental results showed that the e-library developed with the innovative approach isable to effectively support the training of observation and classification skills for elementary school students. Research limitations/implications – Currently, the innovative approach has only been applied to the training of observation and classification knowledge. Further studies will be needed to assist teachers in defining metadata of e-libraries for other educational objectives, such as “analysis” (the ability to separate material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure maybe understood), “synthesis” (the ability to put parts together to form a new whole) and “evaluation” (the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose). Originality/value – With the innovative approach, personalized supports can be provided as a guide for students’ learning. Moreover, students are allowed to face the real objects with technology-rich supports during the learning process.", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2021-12-27", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "unstructured": "Adeyemi, B.M. 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(1987), “KRITON: a knowledge acquisition tool for expert systems”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 29-40" }, { "key": "ref8", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80034-2", "unstructured": "Eshelman, L., Ehret, D., McDermott, J. and Tan, M. (1987), “MOLE: a tenacious knowledge acquisition tool”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 41-54" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80081-0", "unstructured": "Gaines, B.R. (1987), “An overview of knowledge-acquisition and transfer”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 453-72" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80035-4", "unstructured": "Gale, W.A. (1987), “Knowledge-based knowledge acquisition for a statistical consulting system”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 55-64" }, { "key": "ref11", "unstructured": "Gonzalez, A.J. and Dankel, D.D. 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(1995), “Knowledge acquisition for fuzzy expert systems”, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 10, pp. 541-60" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.1109/te.1998.787369", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (1998), “A tutoring strategy supporting system for distance learning on computer networks”, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 41 No. 4, p. 343" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1109/tsmcc.2002.804451", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (2002), “On the development of a cooperative tutoring environment on computer networks”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Part C, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 272-8" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.1016/s0360-1315(02)00121-5", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (2003), “A concept map model for developing intelligent tutoring systems”, Computers & Education, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 217-35" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.1109/tsmcc.2006.876062", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. 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(2002), “Diagnosis of aphasia using neural and fuzzy techniques”, in Zimmermann, H.-J., Tselentis, G., van Someren, M. and Dounias, G. (Eds), Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwall, MA, pp. 461-74" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.006", "unstructured": "Jose, J.C-S., Jennings, N.R., Luo, X. and Shadbolt, N.R. (2004), “Acquiring domain knowledge for negotiating agents: a case of study”, International of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 3-31" }, { "key": "ref24", "unstructured": "Kelly, G.A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Norton, New York, NY" }, { "key": "ref25", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80090-1", "unstructured": "Kitto, C.M. and Boose, J.H. (1987), “Heuristics for expertise transfer: an implementation of a dialog manager for knowledge acquisition”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 183-202" }, { "key": "ref26", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80036-6", "unstructured": "Klinker, G., Bentolila, J., Genetet, S., Grimes, M. and McDermott, J. (1987), “KNACK–report-driven knowledge acquisition”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 65-79" }, { "key": "ref27", "doi": "10.1108/03684929710176520", "unstructured": "Liebowitz, J. (1997), “Knowledge-based/expert system technology in life support systems”, International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 555-73" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.1016/s0308-521x(02)00187-7", "unstructured": "Mahaman, B.D., Passam, H.C., Sideridis, A.B. and Yialouris, C.P. (2003), “DIARES-IPM: a diagnostic advisory rulebased expert system for integrated pest management in Solanaceous crop systems”, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 76, pp. 1119-35" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.1016/s0168-1699(02)00069-8", "unstructured": "Mahaman, B.D., Harizanis, P., Filis, I., Antonopoulou, E., Yialouris, C.P. and Sideridis, A.B. (2002), “A diagnostic expert system for honeybee pests”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 36, pp. 17-31" }, { "key": "ref30", "doi": "10.1109/mc.2005.205", "unstructured": "Mourad, M., Hanley, G.L., Sperling, B.B. and Gunther, J. (2005), “Toward an electronic marketplace for higher education”, Computer, Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 66-75" }, { "key": "ref31", "doi": "10.1109/5254.683211", "unstructured": "Rowe, N.C. and Galvin, T.P. (1998), “An authoring system for intelligent procedural-skill tutors”, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 61-698" }, { "key": "ref32", "doi": "10.1108/02640470610671231", "unstructured": "Saeed, R.S. (2006), “How digital libraries can support e-learning”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 389-401" }, { "key": "ref33", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80055-x", "unstructured": "Shaw, M.L.G. and Gaines, B.R. (1987), “KITTEN: knowledge initiation and transfer tools for experts and novices”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 27, pp. 251-80" }, { "key": "ref34", "doi": "10.1109/mis.2006.24", "unstructured": "Sung, H.H. (2006), “Digital content recommender on the internet”, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 70-7" }, { "key": "ref35", "doi": "10.1108/02640470510611517", "unstructured": "Uzoka, F.M.E. and Ijatuyi, O.A. (2005), “Decision support system for library acquisitions: a framework”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 453-62" }, { "key": "ref36", "doi": "10.1016/s0933-3657(01)00094-x", "unstructured": "Zhou, Z.H., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y.B. and Chen, S.F. (2002), “Lung cancer cell identification based on artificial neural network ensembles”, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 25-36. Further reading Hwang, G.J. (2005), “A data mining algorithm for diagnosing student learning problems in science courses”, International Journal of Distance Education Technology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 35-50" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-09-08", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/550", "sha256_before": null, "sha256_after": "2a3b3af27a22f9104377060879db906edacefb0aca5f14d8940a45cdafe460a0" }, { "seq": 2, "kind": "update", "at": "2026-09-29 23:59:57", "by": "Administrator (admin)", "by_kind": "user", "note": "record re-read from api.crossref.org", "changes": [ { "path": "container.titles.0.value", "from": "Journal of Science & Technology", "to": "Journal of Science & Technology" } ], "record_after": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp180-192", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "A knowledge engineering approach to developing e-libraries for mobile learning", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i06.pp180-192" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "Md Fareed" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "P Rajesh Naik" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "K Tirupathi Rao" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2021-12-27", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2021-12-27" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "volume": "06", "issue": "06", "pages": { "first": "180", "last": "192" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/550", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/550/492", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/550/2537", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/550/492", "purpose": "similarity-checking" } ], "abstract": { "value": "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative approach that is proposed for developing e-libraries with metadata to meet the need of training observation and classification skillsin a mobile learning environment. Design/methodology/approach – A knowledge engineering approach is proposed to assist teachers in defining metadata of elibraries to meet the need of training observation and classification skills. Based on the innovative approach, an e-library of butterfly and ecology has been developed. Moreover, an experiment was conducted from March-April 2007 on the science course “Butterfly andEcology” at an elementary school in Taiwan. There were two teachers and 35 students participated inthe experiment. Findings – EXperimental results showed that the e-library developed with the innovative approach isable to effectively support the training of observation and classification skills for elementary school students. Research limitations/implications – Currently, the innovative approach has only been applied to the training of observation and classification knowledge. Further studies will be needed to assist teachers in defining metadata of e-libraries for other educational objectives, such as “analysis” (the ability to separate material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure maybe understood), “synthesis” (the ability to put parts together to form a new whole) and “evaluation” (the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose). Originality/value – With the innovative approach, personalized supports can be provided as a guide for students’ learning. Moreover, students are allowed to face the real objects with technology-rich supports during the learning process.", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "start": "2021-12-27", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "unstructured": "Adeyemi, B.M. (2002), “Problems and challenges of automating cataloguing processes at KDL library, University of Ibadan”, African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 213-22" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2729.1999.151075.x", "unstructured": "Barrett, E. and Lally, V. (1999), “Gender differences in an on-line learning environment”, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 48-60" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80055-9", "unstructured": "Boose, J.H. (1985), “A knowledge acquisition program for expert systems based on personal construct psychology”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 495-525" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80032-9", "unstructured": "Boose, J.H. and Bradshaw, J.M. (1987), “EXpertise transfer and complex problems: using AQUINAS as a knowledgeacquisition workbench for knowledge-based systems”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 3- 27" }, { "key": "ref5", "doi": "10.1108/02640470710729137", "unstructured": "Bozena, B.M. and Wolodko, A. (2007), “E-learning model for Polish libraries: BIBWEB”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 25 No. 1, p. 80" }, { "key": "ref6", "doi": "10.1111/1467-8535.00326", "unstructured": "Chou, C. (2003), “Interactivity and interactive functions in web-based learning systems: a technical framework for designers”, British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 265-79" }, { "key": "ref7", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80033-0", "unstructured": "Diederich, J., Ruhmann, I. and May, M. (1987), “KRITON: a knowledge acquisition tool for expert systems”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 29-40" }, { "key": "ref8", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80034-2", "unstructured": "Eshelman, L., Ehret, D., McDermott, J. and Tan, M. (1987), “MOLE: a tenacious knowledge acquisition tool”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 41-54" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80081-0", "unstructured": "Gaines, B.R. (1987), “An overview of knowledge-acquisition and transfer”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 453-72" }, { "key": "ref10", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80035-4", "unstructured": "Gale, W.A. (1987), “Knowledge-based knowledge acquisition for a statistical consulting system”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 55-64" }, { "key": "ref11", "unstructured": "Gonzalez, A.J. and Dankel, D.D. (1993), The Engineering of Knowledge-Based Systems: Theory and Practice, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ" }, { "key": "ref12", "doi": "10.1109/21.293505", "unstructured": "Gonzalez, A.V. and Ingraham, L.R. (1994), “Automated exercise progression in simulation-based training”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 863-74" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1023/a:1022654722798", "unstructured": "Gruber, S.T. (1989), “Automated knowledge acquisition for strategic knowledge”, Machine Learning, Vol. 4, pp. 293- 336" }, { "key": "ref14", "doi": "10.1016/j.eswa.2005.09.050", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.H., Chen, J.M., Hwang, G.J. and Chu, H.C. (2006), “A time scale-oriented approach for building medical expert systems”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 299-308" }, { "key": "ref15", "doi": "10.1002/int.4550100602", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (1995), “Knowledge acquisition for fuzzy expert systems”, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 10, pp. 541-60" }, { "key": "ref16", "doi": "10.1109/te.1998.787369", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (1998), “A tutoring strategy supporting system for distance learning on computer networks”, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 41 No. 4, p. 343" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1109/tsmcc.2002.804451", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (2002), “On the development of a cooperative tutoring environment on computer networks”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Part C, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 272-8" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.1016/s0360-1315(02)00121-5", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (2003), “A concept map model for developing intelligent tutoring systems”, Computers & Education, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 217-35" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.1109/tsmcc.2006.876062", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. (2007), “A gray forecast approach for developing testing and diagnostic systems”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Part C, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 98-108" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(05)80041-0", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J. and Tseng, S.S. (1990), “EMCUD: a knowledge acquisition method which captures embedded meanings under uncertainty”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 431-51" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1109/tsmcc.2004.843184", "unstructured": "Hwang, G.J., Lin, B.M.T., Tseng, H.H. and Lin, T.L. (2005), “On the development of a computer-assisted testing system with genetic test sheet-generating approach”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Part C, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 590-4" }, { "key": "ref22", "doi": "10.1007/978-94-010-0324-7_32", "unstructured": "Jantzen, J., AXer, H. and von Keyserlingk, D.G. (2002), “Diagnosis of aphasia using neural and fuzzy techniques”, in Zimmermann, H.-J., Tselentis, G., van Someren, M. and Dounias, G. (Eds), Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwall, MA, pp. 461-74" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.006", "unstructured": "Jose, J.C-S., Jennings, N.R., Luo, X. and Shadbolt, N.R. (2004), “Acquiring domain knowledge for negotiating agents: a case of study”, International of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 3-31" }, { "key": "ref24", "unstructured": "Kelly, G.A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Norton, New York, NY" }, { "key": "ref25", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80090-1", "unstructured": "Kitto, C.M. and Boose, J.H. (1987), “Heuristics for expertise transfer: an implementation of a dialog manager for knowledge acquisition”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 183-202" }, { "key": "ref26", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80036-6", "unstructured": "Klinker, G., Bentolila, J., Genetet, S., Grimes, M. and McDermott, J. (1987), “KNACK–report-driven knowledge acquisition”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 65-79" }, { "key": "ref27", "doi": "10.1108/03684929710176520", "unstructured": "Liebowitz, J. (1997), “Knowledge-based/expert system technology in life support systems”, International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 555-73" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.1016/s0308-521x(02)00187-7", "unstructured": "Mahaman, B.D., Passam, H.C., Sideridis, A.B. and Yialouris, C.P. (2003), “DIARES-IPM: a diagnostic advisory rulebased expert system for integrated pest management in Solanaceous crop systems”, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 76, pp. 1119-35" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.1016/s0168-1699(02)00069-8", "unstructured": "Mahaman, B.D., Harizanis, P., Filis, I., Antonopoulou, E., Yialouris, C.P. and Sideridis, A.B. (2002), “A diagnostic expert system for honeybee pests”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 36, pp. 17-31" }, { "key": "ref30", "doi": "10.1109/mc.2005.205", "unstructured": "Mourad, M., Hanley, G.L., Sperling, B.B. and Gunther, J. (2005), “Toward an electronic marketplace for higher education”, Computer, Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 66-75" }, { "key": "ref31", "doi": "10.1109/5254.683211", "unstructured": "Rowe, N.C. and Galvin, T.P. (1998), “An authoring system for intelligent procedural-skill tutors”, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 61-698" }, { "key": "ref32", "doi": "10.1108/02640470610671231", "unstructured": "Saeed, R.S. (2006), “How digital libraries can support e-learning”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 389-401" }, { "key": "ref33", "doi": "10.1016/s0020-7373(87)80055-x", "unstructured": "Shaw, M.L.G. and Gaines, B.R. (1987), “KITTEN: knowledge initiation and transfer tools for experts and novices”, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 27, pp. 251-80" }, { "key": "ref34", "doi": "10.1109/mis.2006.24", "unstructured": "Sung, H.H. (2006), “Digital content recommender on the internet”, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 70-7" }, { "key": "ref35", "doi": "10.1108/02640470510611517", "unstructured": "Uzoka, F.M.E. and Ijatuyi, O.A. (2005), “Decision support system for library acquisitions: a framework”, The Electronic Library, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 453-62" }, { "key": "ref36", "doi": "10.1016/s0933-3657(01)00094-x", "unstructured": "Zhou, Z.H., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y.B. and Chen, S.F. (2002), “Lung cancer cell identification based on artificial neural network ensembles”, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 25-36. Further reading Hwang, G.J. (2005), “A data mining algorithm for diagnosing student learning problems in science courses”, International Journal of Distance Education Technology, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 35-50" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2026-09-08", "updated": "2026-09-20", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/550", "sha256_before": "2a3b3af27a22f9104377060879db906edacefb0aca5f14d8940a45cdafe460a0", "sha256_after": "4e9cd9126b7dd815c2a922cba499e6f44281ccddd9094ed9e584a883493b3516" } ] }