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Niosomes were prepared and optimized by using definitive screening design whereas, the Niosomal in-situ gel were prepared and optimized using central composite design. The vesicle size of the optimized batch was found to be 0.281±0.26µm. The % EE of all niosomal batches was found to be in a range of 81.52±0.21% to 98.72±0.16% for Caffeine and 94.3±0.31 to 99.73±0.23 for Quercetin and the cumulative % release was found to be in a range of 72.09±0.18% to 103.3±0.26% for Caffeine and 10.9±0.31% to 37.06±0.15% for Quercetin at 4hrs. DSC, FTIR studies were performed for pure drug and optimized niosomal batch. All the gels as per design were formulated, where the Spreadability was found to be in range of 5.1±0.26cm to 7.9±0.16cm and viscosity after gelation in range of 1800±0.11cps to 4780±0.26cps. The % drug permeated was found to be in range of 85.86±0.015% to 98.61±0.024% for Caffeine and 22.65±0.19% to 33.23±0.34% for Quercetin at 6hrs. 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Raman i, Ankur Javia (2016). Niosome: An unique drug delivery system. An international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 7: 85-99. [13]Didem Ag Seleci, Muharrem Seleci, Johanna-Gabriela Walter, Frank Stahl, Thomas Scheper (2016). Niosomes as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers: Fundamentals and Recent Applications. Journal of Nanomaterials : 1-13" }, { "path": "references.9.key", "from": null, "to": "ref10" }, { "path": "references.9.unstructured", "from": null, "to": "Tejaswini K., Swapna. S., et al (2016). Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Transfersome Gel. 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Sneha Gaikwad" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2020-10-14", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2020-10-14" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "issue": "Volume 5", "pages": { "first": "171", "last": "187" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/392", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/392/347", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/392/1580", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" } ], "abstract": { "value": "Caffeine and Quercetin both are used in combination for the treatment of patient with depression as they are adenosine antagonist due to which they elevate the level of neurotransmitters. The study was designed with two aims. First, is to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of BCS Class II i.e. Quercetin; secondly to ease administration of the formulation to the patient with depression. The culmination of this study, the caffeine and quercetin loaded niosomal in-situ gel for nose-to-brain delivery was formulated. Niosomes were prepared and optimized by using definitive screening design whereas, the Niosomal in-situ gel were prepared and optimized using central composite design. The vesicle size of the optimized batch was found to be 0.281±0.26µm. The % EE of all niosomal batches was found to be in a range of 81.52±0.21% to 98.72±0.16% for Caffeine and 94.3±0.31 to 99.73±0.23 for Quercetin and the cumulative % release was found to be in a range of 72.09±0.18% to 103.3±0.26% for Caffeine and 10.9±0.31% to 37.06±0.15% for Quercetin at 4hrs. DSC, FTIR studies were performed for pure drug and optimized niosomal batch. All the gels as per design were formulated, where the Spreadability was found to be in range of 5.1±0.26cm to 7.9±0.16cm and viscosity after gelation in range of 1800±0.11cps to 4780±0.26cps. The % drug permeated was found to be in range of 85.86±0.015% to 98.61±0.024% for Caffeine and 22.65±0.19% to 33.23±0.34% for Quercetin at 6hrs. These results indicated that niosomal In-situ gel can be used to enhance the bioavailability of drug by directly delivering the drug to the brain by avoiding first pass effect", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "start": "2020-10-14", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.006", "unstructured": "Puneet Bagga, Anup N. Chugani, Anant B. Patel (2015). Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in MPTP Model of Parkinson’s D isease: A 13CNMR Study.Neurochemistry International 92: 25-34" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1080/10717540701603597", "unstructured": "Payam Khazaeli and Abbas Pardakhty (2007). Caffeine-Loaded Niosomes: Characterization and in VitroRelease Studies. Drug Delivery 14: 447–452" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2007.07.013", "unstructured": "Higgins GA, Grzelak ME, Pond AJ, et al (2007). The effect of caffeine to increase reaction time in the rat dur ing a test of attention is mediated through antagonism of adenosine A (2A) receptors. Behavioural Brain Research 185: 32-42. [6]N D Volkow, G-J Wang, J Logan, D Alexoff, J S Fowler, P K Thanos, C Wong, V Casado, S Ferre, D Tomasi (2015). Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 5: e549" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.1021/jm970446z", "unstructured": "Moro S, van Rhee AM, Sanders LH, et al (1998). Flavonoid derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: a comparison of t he hypothetical receptor binding site based on a comparative molecular field analysis model. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 41: 46-52" }, { "key": "ref5", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.035", "unstructured": "Zaynab Sadeghi Ghadi, Rassoul Dinarvand, Neda Asemi, Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri, Pedram Ebrahimnejad (2019). Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan containing niosomes tailored by Box-Behnken design to co-encapsulate curcumin and quercetin. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 130: 234-246" }, { "key": "ref6", "unstructured": "Kshitij B. Makeshwar, Suraj R. Wasankar (2013). Niosome: a Novel Drug Delivery System. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 3:16-20" }, { "key": "ref7", "doi": "10.22270/jddt.v2i5.274", "unstructured": "Lohumi Ashutosh, Rawat Suman, Sarkar Sidhyartha, Sipai Altaf bhai, Yadav M. Vandana (2012). A Novel Drug Delivery System: Niosomes Review. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics 2:129-135" }, { "key": "ref8", "unstructured": "M. Parvathi (2012). Intranasal Drug Delivery to Brain: An Overview. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry 2: 889- 895" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1155/2016/7372306", "unstructured": "Kartik d. Pandya, snehal S. Patel, Avinash k. Seth, Chainesh N. Shah, Chintan J. Aundhia, Nirmal V. Shah, Vinod D. Raman i, Ankur Javia (2016). Niosome: An unique drug delivery system. An international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 7: 85-99. [13]Didem Ag Seleci, Muharrem Seleci, Johanna-Gabriela Walter, Frank Stahl, Thomas Scheper (2016). Niosomes as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers: Fundamentals and Recent Applications. Journal of Nanomaterials : 1-13" }, { "key": "ref10", "unstructured": "Tejaswini K., Swapna. S., et al (2016). Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Transfersome Gel. International Journal of Science and Research Methodology 3: 1-14" }, { "key": "ref11", "doi": "10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101328", "unstructured": "Tinku Singhal, Mohd. Mujeeb, Abdul Ahad, Mohd. Aqil, Syed Obaidur Rahman, Abul Kalam Najmi, Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui (2019). Preparation, optimization and biological evaluation of gymnemic acid loaded niosomes against streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic nephropathy in Wistar Rats. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technolog y54: 1-40" }, { "key": "ref12", "doi": "10.1016/j.apsb.2011.09.002", "unstructured": "Gannu P. Kumar, Pogaku Rajeshwarrao (2011). Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery-An overview. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B1: 208-219" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1208/pt070367", "unstructured": "Rita J. Majithiya,1 Pradip K. Ghosh,1 Manish L. Umrethia,1 and Rayasa S. R. Murthy (2006). Thermoreversible-mucoadhesive Gel for Nasal Delivery of Sumatriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech7: E2" }, { "key": "ref14", "doi": "10.2174/2211738506666180130105919", "unstructured": "Dyandevi Mathure, Jyotsana R Madan, Kishore N. Gujar, Ashok Tu psamundre, Hemant A. Ranpise and Kamal Dua (2018). Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal in situ Nasal Gel of a Serotonin Receptor Agonist, Buspirone Hydrochloride for the Brain Delivery via Intranasal Route. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 6: 69-78" }, { "key": "ref15", "unstructured": "Ch awda Himmat Singh, Jain CP, Bairwa Narendra Kumar (2011). Formulation characterization and in-vitro evaluation of Nimesulide Niosomes. Pharmacophore2:168–85" }, { "key": "ref16", "unstructured": "Samyuktha rani. B and vedha hari b.n (2011). Niosomal formulation of orlistat: formulation an d in-vitro Evaluation. International journal of drug development & research 3: 300-311" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1155/2016/9324567", "unstructured": "Gyati Shilakari Asthana, Abhay Asthana, Davinder Singh, and Parveen Kumar Sharma (2016). Etodolac Containing Topical Nio somal Gel: Formulation Development and Evaluation. Journal of Drug Delivery : 1-8" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.5530/ijper.47.3.6", "unstructured": "Shilpa P. Chaudhari and Vibhavari M. Chatur (2013). Development of Valproic Acid Niosomal in situ Nasal Gel Formulation for Epilepsy. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 47: 31-41. Development and Characterization of Caffeine and Quercetin Loaded Nasal Niosomal In-Situ Gel for Treatment of Depression 187 | Page" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.31254/jsir.2014.3311", "unstructured": "Namrata Mishra, Vinamrata Srivastava, Anu Kaushik, Vivek Chauhan, Gunjan Srivastava (2014). Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of niosomes of aceclofenac. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3: 337-341" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.020", "unstructured": "Balakrishnan P, Shanmugam S, Lee WM’ Johg Oh Kim, Dong Hoon Oh, et al (2009). Formulation and in vitro assessment of minoxidil niosomes for enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm377: 1-8" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600760211", "unstructured": "Gupta PK, Hung CT Perrier DG (1987). Quantitation of the release of doxorubicin from colloidal dosage forms using dynami c dialysia. J Pharm Sci.33: 141-145" }, { "key": "ref22", "doi": "10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00810-9", "unstructured": "Agarwal R, Katare OP, Vyas SP (2001). Preparation and in vitro evaluation of liposomal/niosomal delivery systems for antipsoriatic drug dithranol. Int J Pharm.228 :43–52" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1155/2016/9324567", "unstructured": "Gyati Shilakari Asthana, Abhay Asthana, Davinder Singh,Praveen Kumar Sharma (2016). Et odolac containing topical niosomal gel: Formulation development and evaluation. J drug delivery: 1-8" }, { "key": "ref24", "doi": "10.5101/nbe.v9i1.p27-35", "unstructured": "R. Supraja, A. K. Sailaja (2017). Formulation of mefanamic acid loaded ethosomal gel by hot and cold methods. Nano Biomed. Eng. 9: 27- 35" }, { "key": "ref25", "doi": "10.4103/0250-474x.33151", "unstructured": "Das MK, Ramarao K (2007). Microencapsulation of Zidovudine by double emulsion solvent diffusion technique using ethylcellulose. Indian J Pharm Sci. 69: 244–50" }, { "key": "ref26", "doi": "10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.22566", "unstructured": "Surya Teja S. P., Mothilal M., Damodharan N., Jaison D (2018). Screening and optimization of vancyclovir niosomes by dei gn of experiments. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10: 79-85" }, { "key": "ref27", "doi": "10.1208/s12249-010-9480-2", "unstructured": "Kandasamy Ruckmani, Veintramuthu Sankar (2010). Formulation and Optimization of Zidovudine Niosomes. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists2: 1119-1127" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.5101/nbe.v9i3.p242-248", "unstructured": "Veldurthi Ravalika, Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja (2017). Formulation and evaluation of etor icoxib niosomes by thin film hydration technique and ether injection methid. Nano Biomed Eng.9: 242-248" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.4103/0973-8398.84553", "unstructured": "Deepa T Vasudevan, S Gopalakrishnan, Kavitha R Dinesh, KG Ravikumar, KR Sundaram, AKK Unni (2011). Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of chrysophanol topical gel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 5: 120-124" }, { "key": "ref30", "unstructured": "Dr. Sanju Nanda, Kamal Saroha, Benika Sharma (2014). Formulation, Evaluation and optimization of transdermal gel of keto rolac tromethamine using face centered central composite design. Internationall Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6: 133-139" }, { "key": "ref31", "unstructured": "Darshan Kaur, Aparajita raina, Nirmal Singh (2014). Formulation and evaluation of Carbopol940 Based glibenclamide transd ermal gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmac eutical Sciences 6: 434-440" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2020-09-24", "updated": "2026-09-28", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/392", "sha256_before": null, "sha256_after": "f8a78eaf7f3a5923db8ed6d4312b52ad4cfc7be28b69fd50adbeccd6f571fa1e" }, { "seq": 2, "kind": "update", "at": "2026-09-29 23:59:41", "by": "Administrator (admin)", "by_kind": "user", "note": "record re-read from api.crossref.org", "changes": [ { "path": "container.titles.0.value", "from": "Journal of Science & Technology", "to": "Journal of Science & Technology" } ], "record_after": { "format": "smartscholars-doi-metadata/1.0", "doi": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i5.pp171-187", "referent": "Creation", "type": "JournalArticle", "structural_type": "Digital", "modes": [ "Visual" ], "characters": [ "Language" ], "titles": [ { "value": "Development and Charecterization of Caffeine and Quercetin Loaded Nasal Niosomal In-Situ Gel for Treatment of Depression", "type": "PrincipalTitle", "lang": "en" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "DOI", "value": "10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i5.pp171-187" } ], "agents": [ { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "P.Shilpa Chaudhari" }, "sequence": "first" }, { "role": "author", "name": { "given": "", "family": "U. Sneha Gaikwad" }, "sequence": "additional" }, { "role": "publisher", "name": { "org": "Longman Publishers" } } ], "dates": { "published": "2020-10-14", "date_type": "PublicationDate", "online": "2020-10-14" }, "language": "en", "container": { "type": "Journal", "titles": [ { "value": "Journal of Science & Technology", "type": "PrincipalTitle" } ], "identifiers": [ { "type": "ISSN", "value": "2456-5660", "medium": "electronic" } ], "issue": "Volume 5", "pages": { "first": "171", "last": "187" } }, "links": [ { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/392", "return_type": "text/html", "primary": true }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/392/347", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/pdf" }, { "url": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/download/392/1580", "purpose": "text-mining", "return_type": "application/xml" } ], "abstract": { "value": "Caffeine and Quercetin both are used in combination for the treatment of patient with depression as they are adenosine antagonist due to which they elevate the level of neurotransmitters. The study was designed with two aims. First, is to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of BCS Class II i.e. Quercetin; secondly to ease administration of the formulation to the patient with depression. The culmination of this study, the caffeine and quercetin loaded niosomal in-situ gel for nose-to-brain delivery was formulated. Niosomes were prepared and optimized by using definitive screening design whereas, the Niosomal in-situ gel were prepared and optimized using central composite design. The vesicle size of the optimized batch was found to be 0.281±0.26µm. The % EE of all niosomal batches was found to be in a range of 81.52±0.21% to 98.72±0.16% for Caffeine and 94.3±0.31 to 99.73±0.23 for Quercetin and the cumulative % release was found to be in a range of 72.09±0.18% to 103.3±0.26% for Caffeine and 10.9±0.31% to 37.06±0.15% for Quercetin at 4hrs. DSC, FTIR studies were performed for pure drug and optimized niosomal batch. All the gels as per design were formulated, where the Spreadability was found to be in range of 5.1±0.26cm to 7.9±0.16cm and viscosity after gelation in range of 1800±0.11cps to 4780±0.26cps. The % drug permeated was found to be in range of 85.86±0.015% to 98.61±0.024% for Caffeine and 22.65±0.19% to 33.23±0.34% for Quercetin at 6hrs. These results indicated that niosomal In-situ gel can be used to enhance the bioavailability of drug by directly delivering the drug to the brain by avoiding first pass effect", "lang": "en" }, "license": { "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "start": "2020-10-14", "applies_to": "vor" }, "references": [ { "key": "ref1", "doi": "10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.006", "unstructured": "Puneet Bagga, Anup N. Chugani, Anant B. Patel (2015). Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in MPTP Model of Parkinson’s D isease: A 13CNMR Study.Neurochemistry International 92: 25-34" }, { "key": "ref2", "doi": "10.1080/10717540701603597", "unstructured": "Payam Khazaeli and Abbas Pardakhty (2007). Caffeine-Loaded Niosomes: Characterization and in VitroRelease Studies. Drug Delivery 14: 447–452" }, { "key": "ref3", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2007.07.013", "unstructured": "Higgins GA, Grzelak ME, Pond AJ, et al (2007). The effect of caffeine to increase reaction time in the rat dur ing a test of attention is mediated through antagonism of adenosine A (2A) receptors. Behavioural Brain Research 185: 32-42. [6]N D Volkow, G-J Wang, J Logan, D Alexoff, J S Fowler, P K Thanos, C Wong, V Casado, S Ferre, D Tomasi (2015). Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 5: e549" }, { "key": "ref4", "doi": "10.1021/jm970446z", "unstructured": "Moro S, van Rhee AM, Sanders LH, et al (1998). Flavonoid derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: a comparison of t he hypothetical receptor binding site based on a comparative molecular field analysis model. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 41: 46-52" }, { "key": "ref5", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.035", "unstructured": "Zaynab Sadeghi Ghadi, Rassoul Dinarvand, Neda Asemi, Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri, Pedram Ebrahimnejad (2019). Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan containing niosomes tailored by Box-Behnken design to co-encapsulate curcumin and quercetin. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 130: 234-246" }, { "key": "ref6", "unstructured": "Kshitij B. Makeshwar, Suraj R. Wasankar (2013). Niosome: a Novel Drug Delivery System. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 3:16-20" }, { "key": "ref7", "doi": "10.22270/jddt.v2i5.274", "unstructured": "Lohumi Ashutosh, Rawat Suman, Sarkar Sidhyartha, Sipai Altaf bhai, Yadav M. Vandana (2012). A Novel Drug Delivery System: Niosomes Review. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics 2:129-135" }, { "key": "ref8", "unstructured": "M. Parvathi (2012). Intranasal Drug Delivery to Brain: An Overview. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry 2: 889- 895" }, { "key": "ref9", "doi": "10.1155/2016/7372306", "unstructured": "Kartik d. Pandya, snehal S. Patel, Avinash k. Seth, Chainesh N. Shah, Chintan J. Aundhia, Nirmal V. Shah, Vinod D. Raman i, Ankur Javia (2016). Niosome: An unique drug delivery system. An international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 7: 85-99. [13]Didem Ag Seleci, Muharrem Seleci, Johanna-Gabriela Walter, Frank Stahl, Thomas Scheper (2016). Niosomes as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers: Fundamentals and Recent Applications. Journal of Nanomaterials : 1-13" }, { "key": "ref10", "unstructured": "Tejaswini K., Swapna. S., et al (2016). Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Transfersome Gel. International Journal of Science and Research Methodology 3: 1-14" }, { "key": "ref11", "doi": "10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101328", "unstructured": "Tinku Singhal, Mohd. Mujeeb, Abdul Ahad, Mohd. Aqil, Syed Obaidur Rahman, Abul Kalam Najmi, Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui (2019). Preparation, optimization and biological evaluation of gymnemic acid loaded niosomes against streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic nephropathy in Wistar Rats. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technolog y54: 1-40" }, { "key": "ref12", "doi": "10.1016/j.apsb.2011.09.002", "unstructured": "Gannu P. Kumar, Pogaku Rajeshwarrao (2011). Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery-An overview. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B1: 208-219" }, { "key": "ref13", "doi": "10.1208/pt070367", "unstructured": "Rita J. Majithiya,1 Pradip K. Ghosh,1 Manish L. Umrethia,1 and Rayasa S. R. Murthy (2006). Thermoreversible-mucoadhesive Gel for Nasal Delivery of Sumatriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech7: E2" }, { "key": "ref14", "doi": "10.2174/2211738506666180130105919", "unstructured": "Dyandevi Mathure, Jyotsana R Madan, Kishore N. Gujar, Ashok Tu psamundre, Hemant A. Ranpise and Kamal Dua (2018). Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal in situ Nasal Gel of a Serotonin Receptor Agonist, Buspirone Hydrochloride for the Brain Delivery via Intranasal Route. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 6: 69-78" }, { "key": "ref15", "unstructured": "Ch awda Himmat Singh, Jain CP, Bairwa Narendra Kumar (2011). Formulation characterization and in-vitro evaluation of Nimesulide Niosomes. Pharmacophore2:168–85" }, { "key": "ref16", "unstructured": "Samyuktha rani. B and vedha hari b.n (2011). Niosomal formulation of orlistat: formulation an d in-vitro Evaluation. International journal of drug development & research 3: 300-311" }, { "key": "ref17", "doi": "10.1155/2016/9324567", "unstructured": "Gyati Shilakari Asthana, Abhay Asthana, Davinder Singh, and Parveen Kumar Sharma (2016). Etodolac Containing Topical Nio somal Gel: Formulation Development and Evaluation. Journal of Drug Delivery : 1-8" }, { "key": "ref18", "doi": "10.5530/ijper.47.3.6", "unstructured": "Shilpa P. Chaudhari and Vibhavari M. Chatur (2013). Development of Valproic Acid Niosomal in situ Nasal Gel Formulation for Epilepsy. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 47: 31-41. Development and Characterization of Caffeine and Quercetin Loaded Nasal Niosomal In-Situ Gel for Treatment of Depression 187 | Page" }, { "key": "ref19", "doi": "10.31254/jsir.2014.3311", "unstructured": "Namrata Mishra, Vinamrata Srivastava, Anu Kaushik, Vivek Chauhan, Gunjan Srivastava (2014). Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of niosomes of aceclofenac. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3: 337-341" }, { "key": "ref20", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.020", "unstructured": "Balakrishnan P, Shanmugam S, Lee WM’ Johg Oh Kim, Dong Hoon Oh, et al (2009). Formulation and in vitro assessment of minoxidil niosomes for enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm377: 1-8" }, { "key": "ref21", "doi": "10.1002/jps.2600760211", "unstructured": "Gupta PK, Hung CT Perrier DG (1987). Quantitation of the release of doxorubicin from colloidal dosage forms using dynami c dialysia. J Pharm Sci.33: 141-145" }, { "key": "ref22", "doi": "10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00810-9", "unstructured": "Agarwal R, Katare OP, Vyas SP (2001). Preparation and in vitro evaluation of liposomal/niosomal delivery systems for antipsoriatic drug dithranol. Int J Pharm.228 :43–52" }, { "key": "ref23", "doi": "10.1155/2016/9324567", "unstructured": "Gyati Shilakari Asthana, Abhay Asthana, Davinder Singh,Praveen Kumar Sharma (2016). Et odolac containing topical niosomal gel: Formulation development and evaluation. J drug delivery: 1-8" }, { "key": "ref24", "doi": "10.5101/nbe.v9i1.p27-35", "unstructured": "R. Supraja, A. K. Sailaja (2017). Formulation of mefanamic acid loaded ethosomal gel by hot and cold methods. Nano Biomed. Eng. 9: 27- 35" }, { "key": "ref25", "doi": "10.4103/0250-474x.33151", "unstructured": "Das MK, Ramarao K (2007). Microencapsulation of Zidovudine by double emulsion solvent diffusion technique using ethylcellulose. Indian J Pharm Sci. 69: 244–50" }, { "key": "ref26", "doi": "10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.22566", "unstructured": "Surya Teja S. P., Mothilal M., Damodharan N., Jaison D (2018). Screening and optimization of vancyclovir niosomes by dei gn of experiments. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10: 79-85" }, { "key": "ref27", "doi": "10.1208/s12249-010-9480-2", "unstructured": "Kandasamy Ruckmani, Veintramuthu Sankar (2010). Formulation and Optimization of Zidovudine Niosomes. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists2: 1119-1127" }, { "key": "ref28", "doi": "10.5101/nbe.v9i3.p242-248", "unstructured": "Veldurthi Ravalika, Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja (2017). Formulation and evaluation of etor icoxib niosomes by thin film hydration technique and ether injection methid. Nano Biomed Eng.9: 242-248" }, { "key": "ref29", "doi": "10.4103/0973-8398.84553", "unstructured": "Deepa T Vasudevan, S Gopalakrishnan, Kavitha R Dinesh, KG Ravikumar, KR Sundaram, AKK Unni (2011). Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of chrysophanol topical gel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 5: 120-124" }, { "key": "ref30", "unstructured": "Dr. Sanju Nanda, Kamal Saroha, Benika Sharma (2014). Formulation, Evaluation and optimization of transdermal gel of keto rolac tromethamine using face centered central composite design. Internationall Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6: 133-139" }, { "key": "ref31", "unstructured": "Darshan Kaur, Aparajita raina, Nirmal Singh (2014). Formulation and evaluation of Carbopol940 Based glibenclamide transd ermal gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmac eutical Sciences 6: 434-440" } ], "record": { "registrant": "Longman Publishers", "registered": "2020-09-24", "updated": "2026-09-28", "issue_number": 1, "source": "crossref-api", "source_agency": "Crossref (member 25296)" } }, "url_after": "https://www.jst.org.in/index.php/pub/article/view/392", "sha256_before": "f8a78eaf7f3a5923db8ed6d4312b52ad4cfc7be28b69fd50adbeccd6f571fa1e", "sha256_after": "cad33058d3ab50c0dd7a2557b936a6481e6a5c4181a45e4054922ebf154a9f44" } ] }